Overfishing Imperils Fish in Deep Waters
By RANDOLPH E. SCHMID, AP Science Writer
Mon Feb 19, 1:16 AMUPDATED 1 DAY 9 HOURS 26 MINUTES AGO
SAN FRANCISCO - With declining catches close to shore, commercial fishing is
turning to deeper waters, threatening species that live in the cold and
gloom of the deep oceans, according to researchers.
A panel at the annual meeting of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science said Sunday that overfishing in deep waters is
putting at risk the least sustainable of all fish stocks.
"We're not really fishing there. We're mining there. We're taking what
appears to be a renewable resource and turning it into a nonrenewable one,"
said Elliott Norse of the Marine Conservation Biology Institute in Bellevue,
Wash.
"The number of people who want fish is not going down, but the number of
fish is," Norse said.
The shift to fishing at depths of more than 600 feet is new. These areas
began to be exploited after overfishing caused a decline in catch in more
shallow coastal waters, said Norse.
Much of the deep water fishing occurs around seamounts, extinct volcanoes
that rise from the seafloor to within several hundred feet of the surface.
Many species tend to congregate at seamounts because they can find food and
mates there, making them also easier to catch, said Norse.
Selina Heppell of Oregon State University said slow growth and reproduction
makes deep-living species particularly vulnerable because they are slow to
replenish their stocks.
Some deep species don't mature until they are 40 years old and then may live
240 years, Norse said.
Such fish reproduce slowly, Heppell said _ for example while skipjack tuna
may spawn every day in summer, deep-living orange roughy spawn only every
two years.
"Never eat anything that could be older than your grandmother," she said,
quoting Milton Love of the University of California, Santa Barbara.
Hempell agreed with Norse that congregating together increased their
vulnerability and noted these fish are the least monitored and protected in
the oceans.
In addition, Heppell said, rising market value of fish has led to marketing
campaigns to increase sales, such as renaming the slimehead fish orange
roughy and the toothfish Chilean sea bass.
Krista Baker, a graduate student at Memorial University of Newfoundland,
Canada, reported that about 40 percent of deep sea species in Canadian
waters are either endangered or show significant decline.
She estimated that because of slow reproduction it would take 12 to 90 years
for stocks of roughead grenadier fish to recover if fishing were halted, and
13 to 130 years for roundhead grenadiers.
Grenadiers have a lifespan of over 60 years, she said, and they are still
being fished.
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