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The Psychology/Politics of Humor/Laughter

 
 
TeN
18:43 / 30.07.06
this is something I've recently become fascinated with
I want to attempt to make works of art (in various mediums) which subvert humor - that is, use humor to make the audience question their own inate responses to it. essentially, to force people to ask themselves "why am I laughing right now? should I be laughing right now?"
in order to do this, I need to know why people laugh (or don't laugh), and the general psychology behind comedy, humor, and laughter

so,
does anyone know of any good books, essays, websites, etc. I can read on this subject?
wikipedia has already pointed me in the right direction by providing me with a few works:
Funny Business
Part V of Aristotle's The Poetics
Freud's Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious

please feel free to suggest other works, or just discuss the topic in general
 
 
grant
02:24 / 31.07.06
I know in the early 90s there was a paucity of theory/science about humor, but one guy (whose name I've totally forgotten) was attempting to define humor as that which takes place when two sets of coherent expectations (he called 'em matrices) collide in an unexpected and incompatible fashion (he called that slamming matrices).

Google isn't cooperating with search terms related to this.

Ah -- Arthur Koestler. That's him.

He called it bisociation.

Here:



Seem up your alley?
 
 
grant
03:03 / 31.07.06
(He was from the 60s, but for some reason was coming up in conversations in the 90s.)
 
 
TeN
03:27 / 31.07.06
interesting, but it seems a bit new-agey/pseudo-sciencey, and a lot broader than just humor
his idea of humor being related to the clashing of two seperate ideas isn't a novel one... I've read that in several places
 
 
redtara
08:36 / 31.07.06
Getting the Joke; The Inner Workings of Stand-Up Comedy

This might be a useful exploration of a corner of humour. It deals with the performers relationship to the audience, and has a chapter called, 'Challenging the Audience'.
 
 
TeN
00:50 / 21.02.07
bumping this one, as I've started thinking a lot again about a concept for a film based around the ideas I stated in my first post

so anyone have any more suggestions?

my friend pointed out to me that the wikipedia article on laughter is quite informative

also, if you could refer me to some films/art/literature/etc. that does what I'm trying to do, or at least relates to humor in some way that goes beyond the normal goal of simply making people laugh, that would be most helpful
so far I have:
- Richard Prince's joke paintings
- the "I Love Mallory" scene in Natural Born Killers
- Andy Kaufman/Tony Clifton
- anti-humor (especially, the "no soap, radio" joke)
 
 
Christoph_Chicken
23:08 / 04.03.07
At summer festivals I've attended two laughter workshops, ran by a guy called Joe Hoare . He's an incredibly nice and funny man, and champions an area of comedy and laughter that might interest you. I admit the website looks terribly tacky, but I can assure you that the two workshops I attended were some of the best hours I've ever spent. He's very amenable and worth Emailing. I'm pretty sure the whole thing was based on a system of laughter meditation from India....
 
 
HeartShadow
20:17 / 08.03.07
I wonder if you've looked into what's known as metafiction? The only author that comes to mind is John Barth.

It's not exactly the same thing, but it's a deconstruction of what fiction is and what expectations are and the like. And, also, usually quite funny in the way it shifts ideas and expectations.

If you want to deconstruct what humor is, maybe deconstruction of other ideas might help?
 
 
qubemore
17:59 / 15.03.07
interesting read.
 
 
lord henry strikes back
22:01 / 22.03.07
I don't know if this is what you're looking for, or if you are already aware of it, but I would check out a 6 part comedy series called Jam from UK satirist Chris Morris.

This was a very dark sketch show that I (and a good number of others in the UK) found very funny but in an unsettling way. It's all shot in digital with lots of image and sound break up. Sketches revolved around rape, child abduction, and suicide. In one fantastic scene a four year old girl plays a sort of Winston Wolf (Pulp Fiction) character helping a man chop up and dispose of the body of his dead flat mate.

It is very funny but it very much forces you to think 'why am I laughing at this?'. It might be worth a look. Amazon UK stocks the DVD and I'm sure you could find a copy in the US.
 
 
Good Intentions
09:32 / 08.04.07
Hannah Arendt - On Violence

She says that humour is the opposite response to violence, and the one that displays the strengths of the person laughing. She makes a pretty good case for it. It's only 80 odd pages, well worth a read, seeing as she is in my book the premiere political philosopher.
 
 
Lugue
10:28 / 08.04.07
also, if you could refer me to some films/art/literature/etc. that does what I'm trying to do, or at least relates to humor in some way that goes beyond the normal goal of simply making people laugh, that would be most helpful

Well, on that, I'd say something as simple as Sarah Silverman's stand-up material (the race and sexuality stuff) is worth observing. I've found myself both howling openly about some jokes and having odd responses to others, enjoyment being either preceded or followed by a moment of "what exactly is she aming at here, and is it okay?". This is, however, mostly on moral grounds, and I can't quite understand by your posts if that's what's you're aiming for/if what you're aiming for encompasses it. It's a very obvious example, but, you know, I thought, best an obvious contribution than none at all.
 
 
Proinsias
13:31 / 08.04.07
An essay by G.K Chesterton concerning humour. I'm sure he wrote at length about the similarities between the cosmic and the comic being far more than a frequent typo but can't recall or google where it was.
 
 
Tom Coates
16:44 / 08.04.07
Of course Freud wrote a whole book on this stuff, and I think it's one of his more plausible works and very interesting as a read in its own right (although I should point out that many of his more pun-like jokes translate a hundred years and from German to English VERY bad).

Basically his premise is that some forms of humour allow the expression of difficult or dangerous or violent or aggressive thoughts in ways that allow the release (which results in the pleasure) without engaging many of the mind's defenses. It's more complex than that when you dig right into it, but basically Freud's theories often come down to this idea of a mind that operates bluntly and reactively with a component that conceals, represses or filters. Some forms of humour in Freud's thought operate by allowing you to to express alarming or controversial impulses in sanctionable ways. For example, the funny cartoons with lots of violence in them somehow 'abstracted', and the jokes that set up the expectations of non-socially sanctioned behaviour (homophobia, sexism or whatever) but then provide an unexpected release in a different direction. Or, of course, just having someone say things you're too scared to say in a way that means you're allowed to respond appropriately.

I'm quite interested in this approach, and used it quite extensively in my (never finished) doctoral work. I was tracing 'pleasure' and identification in two works - Natural Born Killers and Euripides' Bacchae. I was arguing that both of this texts were structured around one fundamental precept - the visceral pleasure of having characters perform actions that you might find interesting or entertaining, but would never contemplate doing in everyday life. So the freedom and lack of constraints of the serial killers are interesting as long as you don't have to think too much about the consequences of their actions - ie. as long as the violence happens to bad people, or is concealed with humour and made somehow 'unreal'. In the Bacchae, a sexy rock star god turns up to punish an uptight bastard. He plays funny tricks which make the revenge and punishment cool and entertaining. Then about halfway through each text they both turn on a dime - the humour fails and you suddenly get scared and horrified by what you've so far been enjoying. Natural Born Killers' big twist being that it tries to set the whole thing up again afterwards, encouraging you to identify with people you now view as monsters.
 
 
Mako is a hungry fish
08:55 / 12.04.07
In the Bacchae, a sexy rock star god turns up to punish an uptight bastard. He plays funny tricks which make the revenge and punishment cool and entertaining.

Sounds like Coyote Mythology to me, pure Denice the Menace stuff where the only people who get to know just how funny (evil?) Denice was were Denice (also identified by the audience) and Mr Wilson, who is the butt of the jokes as he is the one that can least appreciate the humour and so needs it most. Sometimes Coyote turns on himself, eats himself up, and requires Wolf (authority/government) to save him, even though many a prank has been at Wolfs expense.

I love Coyote... he's a complete prick but he's good fun, and rather easy to invoke (I say with a grin :P)
 
 
captain piss
20:27 / 18.04.07
On a vaguely related note about the underlying ‘dark side’ to humour, I’m sure there’s been something written about one basis for laughter being that it’s a release from tension (maybe this is something similar to Freud's ideas). There’s a scene from Macbeth (oops – does it matter if you say it on a web site?) where it’s said that audiences frequently laugh, even though there’s nothing actually funny going on, it’s just a release from the tension of the previous scene (hmm, can’t remember which one).

Not sure if this is relevant either but I was watching someone give a talk recently on breathing and acting, and they showed some interesting graphs of the various different breathing patterns associated with different emotional states. One of them seemed to show that sadness and happiness were actually very similar, in terms of the patterns of inhalation and exhalation over time, and she commented that this effect maybe illustrated the closeness of the two emotions, as demonstrated in situations where people seem to be both crying and laughing at once (or trip from one into the other imperceptibly)… (but I generally find this kind of behaviour in people cracks me up beyond belief and I can’t stop laughing for days)
 
 
captain piss
20:36 / 18.04.07
Maybe also worth mentioning, as a bizarre aside – there’s an Isaac Asimov short story (I think it’s in Robot Dreams) where a kind of top-flight polymath scientist guy uses the world’s most powerful computer (the Multivac) to get answers to all kinds of impossible philosophical questions. Anyway, he spends ages trying to figure out the origin of humour, and the twist in the tale is something like the computer providing the response ‘extraterrestrial origin’, the idea being that humour is a device that’s been implanted in us by aliens as a means of studying human psychology.
 
 
· N · E · T ·
12:00 / 26.04.07
This artice by Open University and BBC has some promising-looking sources at the bottom of it:


Emotion: A Psychoevolutionary Synthesis.’ Robert Plutchik. Harper and Row, 1980.

’Emotion in the Human Face.’ Second edition. Edited by Paul Ekman. Cambridge University Press, 1982.

‘Humour and Laughter: An Anthropological Approach.’ Apte, M. L. Cornell University Press, 1985

‘It’s a Funny Thing, Humour.’ Chapman, A. J./H. C. Foot. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1977
 
 
wembley can change in 28 days
19:33 / 28.04.07
Oldie but a goodie:

Henri Bergson: On Laughter

Outlined, he's got a few interesting points:
1. Comedy is necessarily human: we laugh at people or the things that people do
2. Laughter is purely cerebral: being able to laugh seems to require a detached attitude, an emotional distance to the object of laughter
3. Laughter has a social function
 
 
Mr. Joe Deadly
01:57 / 29.04.07
The Classics department at Queen's University, Kingston offers a course in Ancient Humour. Though much of the subject matter is perhaps less contemporary than you are looking for, the textbook (posted here, as a .pdf, for your convenience) begins with a survey of several theories of humour and laughter, including Freud, Hobbes, Henri Bergson, Herbert Spencer, and René Girard.
 
 
TeN
04:53 / 29.04.07
wow thanks guys
this is all really great stuff

just FYI, I've been watching clips of Jam on Youtube, and I'm enthralled.... what I've seen so far is absolutely brilliant, and totally in line with the types of things I'm looking for
I just wish they had an NTSC DVD available

I've forgotten to mention it until now, but has anyone seen the show Wonder Showzen? if you haven't, I strongly recommend picking up a copy. absolutely brilliant. the format is that of a children's TV show ala Sesame St. almost the entire cast being children and puppers. it's kind of on the opposite side of the dark humor spectrum from Chris Morris - ultra fast paced, ultra offensive, and at times very frustrating to the viewer (the season one finale, the theme of which was "Patience" was composed of three acts - nothing much happens in the first act to the point of being painstakingly boring; the second act is the first act in reverse; and the third act is new material played so fast as to be completely unintelligible). there's times it is almost as disturbing as Jam though... or if not disturbing, at least depressing... endless barrages of humiliating homeless people, immigrants, the elderly, and more on the street to their faces, makes you at times sympathize with those being ridiculed rather than laugh at them. perfect example of making the audience question what it is they're laughing at
 
  
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