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Hate speech or descriptive diminutives?

 
  

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some guy
00:39 / 31.12.02
how does this square with your contention that some words equal hate-speech

Well, isn't hate a basic human right? And is all "offensive" language necessarily "hate speach" if the speaker does not, in fact, hate the group some people feel should be offended? I propose we all do the adult thing, which is to allow people to speak how they wish to speak, and deal with the fallout on our own terms. If Poster X calls a film "gay" but is known to be queer friendly, aren't there bigger fish to fry?

I suspect any poster who uses offensive language with malicious intent isn't going to survive around here very long anyway.
 
 
ONLY NICE THINGS
01:40 / 31.12.02
Persephone and BiP - please remember that the discussion here is about what may or may not be hate speech, not me. I'm afraid I don't understand:

how does this square with your contention that some words equal hate-speech , and that you accordingly changed the title of the 'race/dimuitive names' thread (and your lack of response to points made by persephone and myself regarding *who* gets to use theese terms) with your contention that taking such measures equals Orwellian censorship?

But, for the record, I moved to change the title because people were getting upset by it, and it did not particularly affect the thread. Trying to do the entire thread without mentioning words that might cause offence would be a very different and more challenging task. Plus, I think there is a significant difference between discussing the usage of the word "cunt", for example, and calling another Barbeloid a cunt.
 
 
ONLY NICE THINGS
01:56 / 31.12.02
Lawrence: Where this becomes interesting is, for example, the fact that we now know that at least two members of Barbelith find one of the terms under discussion personally upsetting, and may others believe it to be varying degrees of impossibility to use it without causing offence. Therefore, your queer-friendly "gay" is not quite an accurate example (it's also in the wrong thread, but never mind). If a Barbeloid, while claiming to be virulently anti-racist, used the terms to describe people of Asian origin, it would be more like somebody purporting to be queer-friendly, bridling at any accusations of homophobia, but insisting on referring to gay Barbeloids as "faggots" or "shit-stabbers", or some equally unappetising nomenclature...
 
 
Nietzsch E. Coyote
02:05 / 31.12.02
I think there is a significant difference between discussing the usage of the word "cunt", for example, and calling another Barbeloid a cunt.

You might see this difference but would a person who is offended by that term see the difference or would they think that you were being offensive. I think the question that has been raised is would the people who such terms normally refer to offensively feel abused by your usage of the word?

(and your lack of response to points made by persephone and myself regarding *who* gets to use theese terms)
 
 
ONLY NICE THINGS
02:22 / 31.12.02
Hmmm...I'm not sure how that would work. Can one have free-floating abuse, or is it necessary to be abusive *towards* someone? The idea that a word cannot be used in any context because when directed at an individual it constitutes abuse or hate speech would make many discussions very difficult indeed.

for example, there is a link above to a Guardian leader on George Bush's description of the Pakistanis as "the Pakis". It would be very hard for that leader to have been written if it could not use the word "Paki", because any occurence of the word is deemed too offensive. Which is where BiP's talk of who* gets to use these terms is interestoing - do we mean who gets to use them as terms of abuse, or who gets to use them in discussions of how the terms are used?
 
 
The Falcon
02:44 / 31.12.02
Anyone can use them, but it may make you unpopular or open to accusations of prejudice. Which are probably fairly concomitant here.

However, if you wish to accuse someone of such things, you'd better supply (textual, obviously) evidence. Innocent until proven guilty, and all that.

My take is that a member of the minority group can use the requisite word (slur?) with impunity. The co-option of such words is a pleasing thing to watch from a linguistic point of view, something no-one else seems to be picking up on.

Does anyone remember Swedish (white) rap-metal act Clawfinger's single 'Nigger', wherein they told their (imagined) hip-hop contemporaries that they oughtn't use the word - because it 'wasn't nice'? My friends and I deride it to this day, along with their other big hit 'Warfair', which informed us that war was, in fact, bad.
 
 
Brigade du jour
03:19 / 31.12.02
I think all of this comes down to the intentions more than the actual words.

For example, I'm white/English/Caucasian/whatever you want to call it, and at university used to hang around with a couple of guys, Amir and Abdul, who were of Pakistani descent.

We all three of us used to call each other 'Paki'. Not straight away, obviously, we were all far too scared of making anyone, including ourselves, feel uncomfortable. But after a while it became a sort of in-joke. With me being the only white guy, it was almost like a social mechanism used to make us feel better about the differences all three of us had been led to understand there were between me and the other guys thanks to years of, shall we say, ethnic socialisation.

A simple sense of humour thing, perhaps, but certainly not in any way malicious.

So I would take some issue with the notion that it's only all right for, say, Pakistanis to use the word 'Paki', or for Black people to use the word 'nigger', because that restriction is inherently racist.

Then again of course, I know that I'm not the sort of person that would go around calling people stupid names just to upset or provoke them, or to vent my own hate-spleen, so perhaps I feel somewhat entitled to that luxury.

For me, the emphasis in the phrase 'hate-speech' has to be on 'hate' rather than 'speech'.
 
 
cusm
04:27 / 31.12.02
Two things become clear to me from this thread.

1) Context is of all import when using potentially offensive language. Like toksik, I have an Indian friend who we lovingly call a Sand Nigger on occasion. He takes particular glee in the hugely offensive term, actually, so its all fine and dandy among friends. But we all know better to not even jide him that way in public, because someone "not us" wouldn't understand, and would be offended. Context. Language changes depending on who you are speaking with, more so that we are often even aware. Especially so in close knit groups or comminities, where language can evolve into something quite different from how the rest of the world uses it. But in being aware of the context of its use, keeping it straight isn't a problem at all.

2) Tone. Tone is a form of context. Paying attention to the delivery of the comment can tell you much of its proper context, if it was sarcasm, teasing, or meant as an offense.

In either case, it shows that there is more to language than the words spoken. Text does not show this well, but social interaction does. It is the nuances that make the difference, the details beyond the text that sometimes decrypt additional meaning in the words being spoken that is not superficially visible.
 
 
some guy
11:10 / 31.12.02
Haus, please don't quote off topic to me when it seems half the posts here aren't addressing diminutives.

If a Barbeloid, while claiming to be virulently anti-racist, used the terms to describe people of Asian origin, it would be more like somebody purporting to be queer-friendly, bridling at any accusations of homophobia, but insisting on referring to gay Barbeloids as "faggots" or "shit-stabbers", or some equally unappetising nomenclature...

It's not "purporting" to be queer friendly at all, and that's where this position falls apart. It's possible (and indeed probably common) to have no problem with offending an individual while having no negative feelings for the group as a whole. If intent is the key thing, then personal reaction takes a back seat to that (as indeed it should, since not every person finds the same words in the same contexts offensive). And unless you are looking for an adversarial debate thing, you can stop with the "shit-stabber" extremes and restrain yourself to actual examples used in the thread.

Coyote's "cunt" is a good example of a word heavily discussed here on Barbelith, and many people still use it in their daily speech divorced from the intent some other list members insist must be present. The same goes for "gay" and, as we've seen on this thread, for countless other racial diminutives and ostensible insults.

As a written forum, Barbelith is especially susceptible to misunderstanding in tone and context. Few people here know each other IRL to have a keen sense of their social group and background (e.g. to know how we tend to use words). I agree with Duncan that the best course of action is to just let people say what they want to say and deal with the fallout.

Would anyone argue that some words are "objectively" offensive, that using them makes one a "bad" person even if they're actually quite nice and don't hate anybody?

And should we define "hate speech?" Is it a set of words, or a set of contexts? Does calling Person X a Paki count as hate speech is the speaker doesn't hate Pakistanis?
 
 
ONLY NICE THINGS
18:46 / 31.12.02
On topicality, I can only recommend that you be guided by the topic summary. And that you leave off the adversarial tone, please - I am increasingly aware that you don't mean to do it, but phrases like And unless you are looking for an adversarial debate thing, you can stop with the "shit-stabber" extremes and restrain yourself to actual examples used in the thread are rude, threatening and likely to lead to threadrot, of which we have had quite enough; remember, ad hominem bad. General propositions and responses good.

Do, to try explaining again, the otiginal position on this thread is that "Paki" is a descriptive diminutive and ion no sense necessarily offensive. Other people Have said that, whether or not they are ipso facto inevitably offensive, the term is sufficiently loaded to cause them discomfort.

Now, question one here is whether the absence of necesary offence means that these terms are being used all the time by people with offence neither intended nor taken. Question two is what happens after it becomes clear that the terms *do* cause unhappiness and offence, regardless of intent. The user may feel that this is not really their problem, and carry on regardless, or they may decide that the risk inherent in the phrase is not worth the availability thereof.

So, to use another example, I thought of "faggot", but how about instead the diminutive "homo". Now, the person who is using the term "homo" may mean no offence whatsoever by that term. Several people, be they on a bulletin board or in a pub, may tell the person that they find the term upsetting, and ask him to moderate his usage of it, as it *appears* homophobic. Person responds angrily, denying any strain of homophobia within themselves, stressing their queer-friendly credentials, and continues to describe gay men as "homos". Is there an elision point here where the repeated and deliberate use of the term (without a speck of intent or malice), despite the requests of those beiong so described that a different term is employed, and the state of queer-friendliness begin to interrelate in a complex fashion?

For "homo", feel free to substitute the diminutive of choice.
 
 
some guy
19:35 / 31.12.02
On topicality, I can only recommend that you be guided by the topic summary.

...which would be fair enough if you made an effort to tell all posters to stay on topic when they strayed from specific dimunitive forms. Which you haven't, and therefore to single me out is questionable at best.

Question two is what happens after it becomes clear that the terms *do* cause unhappiness and offence, regardless of intent. The user may feel that this is not really their problem, and carry on regardless, or they may decide that the risk inherent in the phrase is not worth the availability thereof.

This raises another question, which is which types of offense "count" and should be avoided. An example would be two black people calling each other nigger, which might offend a third party, and yet I suspect you might defend that usage. So who gets to decide offense, and in what contexts?

Your example of "homo" raises some interesting issues, again dealing with hierarchies of offense. The scenario you construct is somewhat unfair, deliberately omitting the likelihood that there would not be a unified resistance to the word by the group ostensibly offended. For every poster to claim offense at "homo," there'll be another who isn't bothered. This will extend into the gay community, where some people blanche at the term and others use it daily. So who gets to "win" in this situation - the people claiming offense, or the people claiming not to be offended?

Your emphasis on appearances here makes your case even shakier - especially if we consider that the listener has no idea whether the speaker is gay, whether his friend is gay and encourages the term, whether the speaker is gay-friendly etc. Unless we are to limit our analysis strictly to diminutives used by strangers to strangers, in which case basic politeness pushes us toward "sir" or "ma'am" anyway.

I have doubts about your elision point theory - intent must matter, and the very fact that there is controversy on this issue at all is proof that words have different meanings and contexts than those that any one listener would choose to ascribe to them.
 
 
ONLY NICE THINGS
20:22 / 31.12.02
OK - how about "Paki" or "Chinky"? It's easier to identify someone falling within the right continent to be a rough fit for the "descriptive diminution", and so far a fair few people have stated that they are very upset by the term. So, how about someone who insists on referring to them and others generally by this "descriptive diminution", hotly denying any racist intent but continuing to use the term?

(Incidentally, the two black people example does not function as a clear comparison - yourself being both outside the group being described and outside the speech-act)

Right, off for cocktail sticks and feta - have a lovely time, everyone. Will catch up later.
 
 
some guy
21:34 / 31.12.02
So, how about someone who insists on referring to them and others generally by this "descriptive diminution", hotly denying any racist intent but continuing to use the term?

Someone like Bengali in Platforms? D'oh! There's that pesky "intent" again!

(Incidentally, the two black people example does not function as a clear comparison - yourself being both outside the group being described and outside the speech-act)

So as far as you're concerned, the only valid offenses are those suffered by the direct recipient of speech?
 
 
--
03:26 / 01.01.03
"shit stabber"? Even I've never heard that one. Hell, I'm still a virgin, so that one can't apply to me at least.

I wonder if there are any slurs gay people use for straights. The only one I can think of is "breeder" (not that I would even think of using slurs against straight people).
 
 
Brigade du jour
03:30 / 01.01.03
I'm straight and the first time I got called a 'breeder' I kind of liked it. Took it as a compliment if anything. But then, 'shit-stabber' is hardly a compliment any way you slice it.
 
 
ONLY NICE THINGS
12:09 / 01.01.03
No, Lawrence, but you are describing a different speech act, as again you are when talking about BiP's family using terms that, from a different person in a different context, might offend them. I am positing a situation in which somebody from outside the group (Asian, homosexual, you name it), denies being in any way "-ist" while continuing to use the term to describe his or her interlocutors despite their requests that he or she refrain from doing so because they are finding it upsetting. Are they justified in doing so because, as we know, the words are not in themselves offensive and if they are non-racist/non-homophobic, clearly their intent is not racist or homophobic, so it is unfair of their interlocutors to object, thus attemtping to stifle their freedom of speech (man).

Intent and context, yes? You are comparing apples and oranges, or more correctly apples and bacon.

(Incidentally, so far I have upbraided you, Toksik, Persphone, BiP, myself and, as of the end of this post, Sypha Nadon and FHTB for going off-topic. I really don't see that you are being singled out. You were in fact not accused of being "off topic". Your attention was drawn simply to the fact that the use of "gay" to mean "bad" with no link to homosexuality is a) not relevant, since we are talking about the use of words with a clear link to other descriptors (a level of wandering from specific "diminution", while retaining "descriptive" that IMHO is acceptable within the terms of the thread), and b) being covered in another thread. As I say, I don't think you mean to, but you are dragging the discussion athwart both by the tone and content of the personal parts of your posts (which *are* off topic, btw), and I would suggest that you could profitably have queried this by PM).

Oh, and Sypha Nadon, FHTB, could you tie those personal reflections into the topic? For example, "breeder" is not a dimunutive description (if we assume that that involves the same letters but fewer of them, which also complicaates chinky), but instead describes a specific thing that heterosexuals are being represented as doing. Of course, many heterosexuals do not have children, and for that matter a fair few gay men and lesbians have produced children, so the boundaries are already permeable. If I was accused of being a breeder, I could very easily respond that, to my knowledge, this was not accurate. As FHTB says, there's nothing terribly offensive about being accused of reproduction (or anythiong terribly complimentary as far as I can tell).

Its usage is presumably intended to summon up images of dull, pedestrian, conventional lifestyles, but again the insult here is based on what you *do*, and even more vaguely on your general lifestyle, rather than what you *are*; maybe the act of heterosexual sex cannot easily be made abnormative, as the act of gay sex, or indeed (arguably, o' course) the act of being non-white in a country where either the majority or the representatives (think apartheid South Africa for an extreme example of the latter - lots more non-whites than whites, but kaffir still a handy term of abuse, because political, military and cultural power held by the whites) are white, hein?
 
 
Kit-Cat Club
17:22 / 01.01.03
For example, "breeder" is not a dimunutive description (if we assume that that involves the same letters but fewer of them, which also complicaates chinky)

I don't think a diminutive form has to be a simple truncation - c.f. 'Sally' for 'Sarah', 'Dickon' for 'Richard', etc.

I think the chief effect of the diminutive form is to belittle the person so named - that belittlement (is that a word?) might be relatively benign (e.g. using diminutive names for adults to express affection), but in the case of racial/national descriptors it takes on a more sinister form, and the degree of offensiveness of such diminutives seems to me to be dependent on power relationships - the diminutive terms being used to describe 'other' people. There does seem to me to be a distince correlation between oppression of peoples and the offensiveness of the diminutives applied to them. I doubt very much whether a US American would object to being called a 'Yank' in the same way that a Pakistani would find being called a 'Paki' offensive - because the dominant culture and people of the US have not been subjected to the oppression and belittlement which goes with colonialism and immigrant status (which I suspect may be the key) in the UK. I may be wrong. Thoughts?
 
 
Brigade du jour
19:18 / 01.01.03
How about this - it's all very well for people (including myself, earlier on) to say that ultimately it's all about intentions in speech, but of course maybe I lost sight of the fact that it's about interpretations as well. After all, if I were to go up to a somebody and call them a nigger, for example, I'd damn well better have a good reason ready for doing it. And I'd better be prepared to defend my choice of speech as well - it probably wouldn't be terribly convincing if I just said 'oh no I didn't mean it like that', even if I genuinely didn't mean it like that.

For a start, I'm well aware of how culturally loaded the term is, and even if I could claim it as merely a diminutive of the scientific term 'negroid' or something, who the hell's going to fall for that?

I suppose it comes back to that whole 'understanding others before expecting them to understand you' thing I read about in another thread.

Btw, sorry to keep making this personal - constant use of 'I' and 'me' and all that - it's just easier for me to explain myself that way ok?
 
 
William Sack
07:32 / 02.01.03
How about this - it's all very well for people (including myself, earlier on) to say that ultimately it's all about intentions in speech, but of course maybe I lost sight of the fact that it's about interpretations as well.

Under English law, when Employment Tribunals are considering race (or sex or disability) discrimination in an employment context, it is the *effect* of the speech or behaviour that is determinative rather than the intent of the person responsible for it. In short, it is possible, in the eyes of the law, to treat someone less favourably on account of their race without intending to. I'm going on memory here, which is sometimes less reliable than I would wish, but IIRC, there was a case recently involving Asian workers at the Ford plant at Dagenham who alleged race discrimination. One of their complaints was that the term "Paki" had been used. I believe Ford were to argue that the term was used as a legitimate diminutive rather than a term of abuse, but in the end settled the case out of court for rather a lot of money. This might indicate how they, or their lawyers, viewed the strength of this line of argument. My apologies for tossing in something based entirely on a recollection; I will look this up when I have time.

But anyway, the (interesting) arguments and views expressed in this thread show that there are complexities of nuance, perception, intent, context etc where hate-speech or, more widely, discrimination is concerned. In dealing with this in an employment setting, the law takes the more straightfoward approach of considering the effect on the individual affected. Which I would suggest is the best approach given the legislation is primarily directed at protecting the rights of those potentially affected by discrimination. Obviously this is the approach of the law in the formalised setting of the employer/employee relationship, and normal social intercourse is a different matter.
 
 
cusm
18:25 / 06.01.03
I doubt very much whether a US American would object to being called a 'Yank' in the same way that a Pakistani would find being called a 'Paki' offensive - because the dominant culture and people of the US have not been subjected to the oppression and belittlement which goes with colonialism and immigrant status (which I suspect may be the key) in the UK. I may be wrong. Thoughts?

As a "yank", I don't feel the least offended by the word, most likely due to not having been discriminated against with its use. So to me, its just a descriptor, not a slur. So yes, I think experience with the word as attached to abuse is key to how it is considered as offensive. For instance, few would take offense by the diminutive "brit", but after hearing it said in the context of "fucking brits are subhuman skum" long enough, would begin to consider the word in a similar light as "nigger".
 
 
grant
21:32 / 06.01.03
Actually, "Yank" does give me a tiny twinge, partially because I want to correct it, since I grew up with "Yankee" being those people who cluttered up my roads and drove real slow. But that's not *exactly* the same thing.
What is closer, though, is the other part, where "Yank" sounds like a cognate with "Jerk." Don't like that.

Most Americans don't get called "Yank" in a neutralish sort of way, though, at least not on American soil. And we're not exactly renowned for our knowledge of other languages, so if it happens in France, how could we tell?
 
 
Our Lady of The Two Towers
11:49 / 11.01.03
(This may be the wrong thread to post this in, and I may have already said this elsewhere, in which case I'm an arse and I apologise)

Does this all mean that attempts to reclaim language so as to render their hurtful aspects benign are doomed to failure? If I'm not 'willing' to let Toksig use 'gay' because I see it as insulting or BiP isn't 'willing' to let Haus use 'Paki' because of it's past, does that mean we're doomed to be called poofs and suchlike forever more?
 
 
Badbh Catha
21:08 / 12.01.03
Does this all mean that attempts to reclaim language so as to render their hurtful aspects benign are doomed to failure? - My Izzardlike Transvestite of the Flowers

Hmmm...I question if these attempts ever really work at all. Does it really feel different to be called "nigger" by another person of African descent as opposed to a white person? Many members of the African diaspora would say NO, and state that they don't wish to be called such a thing under any circumstance, by anyone. So how succesful can reclaiming the term be if there's no consensus in the community in question as to whether or not it's offensive?

Some women choose to define themselves by the term "bitch", as a way of expressing an assertive, take-charge personality, but do they feel as empowered when men refer to them as "bitches"? It depends on the individual woman, of course, but if the men in question fully mean the term in an offensive, hurtful manner, can the women in question really claim to have reclaimed that term?
 
 
cusm
15:43 / 13.01.03
You can certainly reclaim a term among you and your immediate peers. Reclaiming it for a wider circle of society, that is a bit more difficult. Not impossible, but not easy either. The tricky part is differentiating between those it has been reclaimed for and those it has not, so as to not mistakenly offend someone. Its a language meme. You have to be infected with it first, and these breed best in closer circles.
 
 
Linus Dunce
15:45 / 13.01.03
Is the re-purposing of abusive terms really reclamation? Or is it shiboleth/jargon, meant to exclude/confound on both sides of the fence?
 
  

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