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Science & the Mass Media: A conversation

 
 
Closed for Business Time
23:38 / 30.10.07
I want to have a conversation about science, the mass media, how the two are tied together and as institutions try to gain control over each other. I want to know how you think that affects science, when scientists and their groups and affiliations use the media for economic, political or social gains. Does it change the logical and social value of science, these entries into and retreats from mass mediation?

How are the mass media affected when they try to use science for commercial purposes, how does that sit alongside their putative roles as the fourth branch of government, or as reflections of the publics, as entertainers and oracles, judges and juries?

Both claim to deal in truths. Both are variously accused of distorting said truths, or substituting them with placebos, spiels or other ultimately spurious and irrelevant communications. Both claim also to deal in actionable truths, truths whose value extend far beyond the provision of mild soporifics, truths that can decide the fates of billions for better or for worse. Or do nought more often than not...

Moving down from High Theory the situation, at least in the industrial world, appears less clear. Scientists and their allies bemoan the apparent lack of scientific literacy (disregarding indications to the contrary such as the periodical re-normalisation of IQ scales) and blame schools and the mass media for peddling a watered down, if not useless version of the real, scientifically established facts.

Schools and the mass media have their own gripes. Leaving schools aside for now, apart from mentioning that they complain of a lack of good scientists willing to teach kids - the mass media complain of scientists' lack of ability to come up with clear, non-ambiguous and jargon-free messages.

Where both are the same is their overall message to the vast swathes of humanity: You are pretty stupid. The average consuming Jane has most often been seen as deficient, a little lacking in cognitive vitamins she is. She has a limited attention span, a limited working memory, and her priorities are all wrong. She relies on outside cues to guide her through the trammels of life, cues that, in these times of solitary bowling, she must receive from the glare of the screens and the voice of the lectern.

~

I'm trying to caricature somewhat, trying to get things into contrast. I'd appreciate some input, some criticism. This got posted in the Conversation because, although it might read like it, I don't really want a theory-heavy debate. However, if that's what it becomes then that is fine, only it might need rerigging from here to somewhere more suitable, like the Headshop or the Switchboard.

Over to you.
 
 
grant
17:11 / 31.10.07
(only it might need rerigging from here to somewhere more suitable, like the Headshop or the Switchboard.

Or the Lab??? Where science is talked about???)

As far as the different nature of truths, there's a reason why journal articles aren't given the same name as articles in a newspaper - only one of 'em gets called a story.
The other might be a report or "research" or "findings" or something.

The battle is between facts and something interesting that makes one go, "Oh! I didn't know that!"
 
 
grant
17:24 / 31.10.07
Along those lines, a cartoon.
 
 
Closed for Business Time
18:45 / 31.10.07
Or the Lab, yes. Although I've always been under the impression that that has been more for the discussion of scientific findings, not the more general debate about the role of science in society. I'm happy to be corrected on that if people feel that's wrong.

As for your points about scientific facts versus journalistic stories - is it your opinion that scientists do not do story-telling and journalists do not do verifiable or at least falsifiable facts?
 
 
grant
19:22 / 31.10.07
Ostensibly, yes. However, I think both things fall into what we think of as "truth" and I'm inclined to view truth as a kind of narrative thing - either in the causal/factual if-this-then-that way, or in the sense of a satisfying story that proceeds in a consistent way.

Our brains like narratives, but there are different conventions for the two genres of science and news.

(And yeah, science-in-society is what Lab should be for.)
 
 
Closed for Business Time
20:03 / 31.10.07
I'm down for moving it to the Lab. My only concern, attention-seeker that I am, is that it might get less exposure? I don't want people to feel too constrained, so I felt the Convo might keep it flowing. Again, if concerned parties see a future for the thread back by the chimp-cages and the culture-dishes and the Tesla-towers, then I shall happily tag along there.

Weh-l. Back on topic: "Our brains like narratives, but there are different conventions for the two genres of science and news." is well said, but makes me wonder if you have conventions do a bit too much conceptual work there? Certainly science mediation (communication primarily between scientists) and mass mediation are different communication systems. But in your take on this, I don't see that they are so different after all. I hope mentioning Latour doesn't make people think I'm rallying the troops for another round of Science Wars. I don't want to reduce all science to a story, as in merely words. But at the same time it seems pretty obvious to me that social facts are present in the causal chains that lead to discoveries like say, the laws of thermodynamics, or how Crick and Watson explained the structure of DNA. (The rest of that discussion in another thread, mayhaps?)

It's interesting to think about how differently the truths of science are represented in the media and vice versa.
Science tries to measure and predict the impact of mass mediated stories, and by that token, by doing so explicitly, it surely creates an irreversible impact on the way that mass media portray science, scientists and their goals and motivations. The two are engaged in a battle of definition - what is true, but also what is relevant, what must we know about. I think that if the mass media no longer trust scientists as much as they did, they might come to emphasise more the inherent and necessary uncertainties that science deals in and with in ways that are not always intuitive or common knowledge. And this is at times a recipe for creating distrust.
 
 
astrojax69
04:18 / 01.11.07
in my past work at a mind science research centre, doing communications among other project roles, i think that the media has a fairly poor grasp of what science 'is' and what its role is in society. scientists are either held up as some sort of god-like arbiter, or the results are held up for display on the basis of their novelty value or 'impact'.

luckily for us, the professor was a zany madcap archetypal loon who was quite media-savvy, and the work was startling in itself, so a profitable mix, as it were...

but i found it difficult to get the journos to focus on the matter and import, rather than the likely ratings bonus, or zippy filler piece to please their powers that be.


that said, there seems to be a lot of science in the media, esp now the climate stuff covers a broad church of lab coat clientele, and it is relatively simple - good old internet - to go to the sources. but i suspect the average punter is rarely inclined thus and i wonder what said 'common or garden variety media consumer' gets out of science as represented in the media. would make a good thesis!
 
 
Evil Scientist
09:04 / 01.11.07
I'm happy to be corrected on that if people feel that's wrong.

I feel that Lab would be an appropriate place for it.

Fair enough if you feel it gets more attention here. But I would suggest that Lab is not going to get any more active if people don't put relevant stuff in there for fear of it not being read.

Perhaps putting it in there and using the Pager to draw attention to it?

Apologies for threadrot. Will contribute a little later.
 
 
Evil Scientist
14:31 / 01.11.07
Where both are the same is their overall message to the vast swathes of humanity: You are pretty stupid. The average consuming Jane has most often been seen as deficient, a little lacking in cognitive vitamins she is. She has a limited attention span, a limited working memory, and her priorities are all wrong. She relies on outside cues to guide her through the trammels of life, cues that, in these times of solitary bowling, she must receive from the glare of the screens and the voice of the lectern.

Whilst media (or more specifically, advertising) might push that image in order to sell product (in a "you'll be a better person if you buy this" kind of way) I'm not convinced that science in general pushes the idea that eveyone who isn't wearing a lab-coat is an idiot.

Scientists definitely use the media to get messages out. What's the point in discovering something if you can't tell people about it? They're not all wonderful altruistic people to be sure. But I'd be cautious about lumping every single person who works in a scientific field into the same White Tower Elitist cliche.

I'm not saying there aren't people like that out there.

I do think that some parts of the media do tend to under-estimate the average person's intelligence when it comes to explaining scientific information to people without scientific training. The tabloids are especially guilty of that, and tend to make over-blown scientific claims that have only a vague connection to reality.

I feel that scientists (and more specifically researchers in Academia) have had to become more media-savvy in order to get information about discoveries out without them being skewed by journalistic whisper games.
 
 
grant
19:06 / 05.11.07
Whisper games?

Tch.

I suppose the other part of the problem is determining the audience - if it's specialists in the field, it's different than if it's the CEOs financing the research - or the CEOs' brother-in-laws from Peoria who heard a thing about a thing they were doing with this new love drug? You know? And that maybe there'd be money in that?
 
 
Lurid Archive
14:46 / 06.11.07
How much is science being confused with technology, and further confused with the corporations which market that technology? Because I'm not entirely sure that I understand what it looks like when "scientists and their groups and affiliations use the media for economic, political or social gains". I'm not even really sure about the mass media using science for commercial purposes.

My complaint of the dreaded MSM as a pro-science bod is not that people are stupid, but that journalists don't seem to know, understand or really care very much about science or informing the public about it. Often, sensationalist and simplistic reporting gets favoured over nuanced scientific findings. Or, conversely, the provisional nature of science is used as a way to impose a "balanced" debate structure.

One example that springs to mind is global warming. The evidence has been mounting for some time that this is a serious problem for which man is partly, and significantly, responsible. The fact that the accumulation of evidence isn't straightforward, and that the predictions offer a range of scenarios, is used to indicate a serious uncertainty on the part of scientists which just isn't a reasonable interpretation of the research.
 
 
Quantum
11:08 / 07.11.07
journalists don't seem to know, understand or really care very much about science or informing the public about it.

Hear hear, it's very much more common to read them creating a story out of some science- which is their job I suppose, but still.
 
 
jentacular dreams
13:21 / 08.11.07
Got an email from PETA (a.k.a. the lords of scientific guilt trips) this morning which made me think of this thread. I'll post the relevant bits below (both italics mine).

Tulip (a monkey) was rescued by a PETA undercover investigator from a university laboratory, where she and thousands of other animals were crammed in tiny cages and often denied even the most basic veterinary care when they were suffering from illness. While Tulip was lucky enough to spend the rest of her days in a kind and loving home, millions of rats, dogs, primates, and other animals hidden behind laboratory walls know only suffering in painful experiments....

...You must understand how crucial our work on behalf of animals in laboratories is, as do the university experimenters, corporate researchers, and government officials that PETA confronts.

Now leaving aside the ethical side of animal experimentation - something I dislike, but feel is currently much better than the alternatives (at least in my field, immunology), and how "higher" species' inherent rights may or may not differ from "lower" ones, this gave me pause for thought. Firstly, the lack of veterinary care is probably due to the controlled nature of the experiments (which may have included inducing conditions which under normal circumstances would require veterinary attention). Obviously that is not the only possibility. Some labs deem animals which have been ill as of little experimental value (depending on the illness) and also as a potential disease reservoir which may pose a danger to the rest of the animals within the lab (what happens to the animal following this usually depends largely on the lab, animal and disease in question, and is in of itself something of an ethical minefield). But it made me consider how the principles of scientific protocols (proper controls, minimal variation between samples etc.) are it often seems, largely unknown by the majority of the public, and almost never mentioned in mainstream media, and how, to an extent, this lack of proper information may drive misunderstandings about how animal experiments work, and can even possibly be exploited when it comes to emotive issues such as this one (not to say that PETA are neccessarily doing so).

The second paragraph puzzled me more. There is an obvious reading (PETA standing up bravely against the eeevil people performing/sanctioning the research), but I can’t believe that’s a belief they actually hold (certainly not one they’d be willing to bandy about at a marketing level)? Could the general public ever believe it?

Lastly it seems there’s quite a partisan viewpoint going on within this issue. Journalistic coverage of scientific discoveries/developments tends to (when applicable) downplay the huge cost in animal lives that frequently went into the work*, whilst organisations such as PETA tend to ignore any advances that have resulted from the work, focussing purely on the suffering of the animals in question (something which obviously cannot be denied). I’m sure a lot of this is obvious to those who have more of a sociological head than I, but it got me thinking.

* Scientific publications tend to state reasonably clearly which animals had been involved in the experiments themselves obviously, but rarely mention the experiments that failed, the groundwork reproducing other labs’ work, or the animal cost for things like FCS, polyclonals, enzymes etc.
 
 
grant
14:57 / 08.11.07
From a journalistic point of view, PETA is interesting because it represents the kind of narrative thing I was talking about before - they're selling a particular story (one in which big and important things may be at stake, but still a story). Mass media is inundated with rival stories and counterstories, and the format is always to include (at least in passing) alternate interpretations.

I think this stylistic quirk is probably responsible for the rise of the neo-cons over the past few decades, but that might be something for another topic - Limbaugh, Coulter, Rove all manage to use this tendency in journalistic rhetoric to push the conversation in their direction by staking out as extreme a counterargument as possible.

Science seems to create its narrative by eliminating opposing views altogether - aiming at correctness or accuracy rather than nuance or balance.

But as far as the journalist is concerned, a scientist is just another voice in the choir of voices. A slightly privileged voice, but one (or more than one, more like) of many. You know, labs and universities hire publicists and media relations specialists - just like police departments and celebrities.

"Fact-checking" generally consists of making sure this person has that credential and actually said this thing - not how this person derived these numbers. The method isn't a voice....
 
 
Lurid Archive
15:12 / 08.11.07

Science seems to create its narrative by eliminating opposing views altogether - aiming at correctness or accuracy rather than nuance or balance.


I know what you mean, grant, but this isn't quite right. Science, internally, consists of lots of competing viewpoints and there are actually quite strong incentives for credibly undermining the status quo, despite the fact that accepting received knowledge is also encouraged. The way you characterise "aiming for correctness" as lacking in nuance is a fairly frustrating myth from the point of view of scientists.
 
 
grant
16:04 / 08.11.07
I probably should have substituted "individual scientific publications" instead of "Science" up there - that's what I meant. The discourse is aimed at correctness and proof, although it really only functions with lots of competing viewpoints with rival views of what "correct" is.
 
 
Gendudehashadenough
21:05 / 09.11.07
Speaking of an apparent lack of scientific literacy, how hard must it be to convey to someone unfamiliar with concepts of vaccination (I admit, I know far less about the recent developements than those engaged with them) that vaccines are portions of viral material, sometimes altered that the body recognizes and kills, allowing for the body immune aparatus to protect itself.

Around the second paragraph of this article the writer states that the recent infection of voulunteers with the HIV vaccine, further predisposing them to AIDS,is the result of Merck&CO. negligently overlooking the contamination of the vaccine by 'a cold germ'. Germ, or not, contamination or not, this is a horrifyingly terse example of journalistic competence being subverted, or willfully ignoring the responsibility incumbent upon writers to accurately represent the case in point.

Not to mention that people, attempting to help save the lives of those who already have AIDS or HIV, have now been infected by this company. Bra-fucking-vo. One more reason to dissuade large pharmacuetical companies from conducting research.
 
 
*
18:50 / 10.11.07
Some things worry me about what you're saying about the study and the article in question.

One: Around the second paragraph of this article the writer states that the recent infection of voulunteers with the HIV virus, further predisposing them to AIDS,is the result of Merck&CO. negligently overlooing the contamination of the vaccines by 'a cold germ'.

Nowhere in the article does it say anything like this. In fact: Vaccines contain key proteins from viruses or bacteria that prime the immune system for a real infection. Merck scientists programmed the cold virus, called adenovirus, to make HIV proteins, an approach that had worked well in the lab and in monkey trials. The vaccine doesn't contain HIV germs, alive or dead. is what it actually says. That's pretty clear to me, and I'm a humanities major.

Two: Not to mention that people, attempting to help save the lives of those who already have AIDS or HIV, have now been infected by this company. Bra-fucking-vo.

The vaccine was created with synthesized genetic material that created proteins identical to the marker proteins on the outside of the HIV virus. This genetic material was implanted in weakened and non-replicating cold virus to cause it to masquerade as HIV. It's a little bit like walking into a neighborhood and showing people a police sketch of someone who is planning to rob the place, and saying "if this person knocks on your door, don't let them in." Some study participants—particularly those who'd been exposed to that particular cold virus before—had a short immune response to the cold that caused mild cold symptoms for a day or so, but I have not heard that any were infected with the cold virus. The vaccine can not have infected someone with HIV.

Activated immune cells have high levels of surface proteins that allow HIV to enter, Harvard's Walker said. The adenovirus in the vaccine may have turned on immune cells among men who had earlier been exposed to the specific cold strain used in the shot, he said.

This theory goes that in people who had the cold virus before, repeated exposure to the same virus in a weakened form activated the immune cells strongly, and that may have made those cells more vulnerable to HIV infection from the everyday risks that the participants were running already. The HIV Vaccine Trials Network can't rule that out yet, I think. I think that this effect was not something that could have been reasonably anticipated, based on the careful research they did before embarking on this study. As far as I can tell, it's a case of there being a difference between what happens in the lab and what happens in the person.
 
 
Closed for Business Time
21:26 / 12.11.07
Ho-kei. Been away from this thread for too long. I'm gonna try and pick up on what I thought has been some interesting points.

Lurid Archive: How much is science being confused with technology, and further confused with the corporations which market that technology? Because I'm not entirely sure that I understand what it looks like when "scientists and their groups and affiliations use the media for economic, political or social gains". I'm not even really sure about the mass media using science for commercial purposes.

To concretize that a bit from my own situation: I work in UK academic research on grant money (ESRC & EPSRC so far). The final projects we produce (and believe me it is production) are scored and peer reviewed by the funding bodies. One of the scoring categories is outputs, which include popularisation and public engagement (for both of which mass media can act as a proxy), in addition to regular stuff like writing journal articles and other intra-academic dissemination. The final score partially determines the amount of future funding the individual scientists and their host institution are likely to get. So in this sense at least scientists try to manipulate ie. gain access to media producers, channels and distributors. And of course, what do you think all those people with chairs in social policy are doing? Admittedly, it can be hard to tell what is bragging and what is real, but it seems likely to me that certain academic institutions, not to mention individual academics (and other scientists roughly defined), sometimes can wield political clout.
My latest alma mater London School of Economics is well know in the UK for having unique access to both the courts and Whitehall. I'm sure you all have similar examples in other countries.

Conversely pop-science is a good slice off the publishing and mass media market (does anyone have any figures? I'd love to know!). Not only will it often have a counterintuitive wow/sell-factor, it will also serve a variety of rhetorical functions and serve as a thematic placeholder and topical prism in pursuit of other fish to fry, such as verdicts on morality, privileging of social and political norms, advertising etc. Obviously, I can always make the slightly naive argument that mass media as a social institution depends on technological advances.

(I don't fully agree with "the media is the message" type media determinism, but there is something to be said for the idea that the forms and modalities media stimuli assumes has an impact on the cognitive environment, and thus development, that each of us grows up with. Now that's a fairly abstract way of looking at it, but I think that's also defensible in the sense that the empirical data is there from biology and linguistics. The question is how much of that cognitive evolution which takes place over generations feeds back into the evolution of scientific methods. I'm not too up in that field.) /rot
 
 
Closed for Business Time
21:27 / 12.11.07
*

Further to what grant and Lurid discussed: I'm not sure whether science is Hegelian or platonic in the sense grant proposes or many-voiced like Lurid thinks, but I do think that interesting things emerge if we squeeze at the seams of what is considered stable knowledge, knowledge that underlies the everyday assumptions that scientists often work with. On the one hand we have standard models and methods which define large areas of scientific works. I mean, the modern revolutions of science (which is arguably the digitalisation of science) has, from a methodological standpoint, come across because we now have, in a range of natural and social sciences, bog-standard largely agreed upon ways of getting in big enough amounts of pretty reliable data and the technological capacity to process that data. I think where the social, as opposed to the natural sciences, are lagging behind, is the what. As in, what does all this mean? We can build stuff with blueprints from the digital repositories of physics, chemistry and science that our ancestors, well, you know the cliché.. But we can't do the same (yet?) with the social sciences (and that's including most of psychology in the social sciences.)

Anyway. Thanks for chipping in on the thread. It's not bad so far.
 
 
Rose
23:36 / 13.11.07
I'd like to pick-up on a few ideas that grant has mentioned. I think that the idea of narrative in science in the media is important.

The idea of narrative in popular science works well as a narrative of nature. That is, the way that scientific findings are often related to the public is as a narrative not about the science, but about the importance (or "wow", as already mentioned) of a discovery. By relating the importance to the audience first you give them a reason to keep reading. This is in contrast to the professional journal, which tends to leave any discussion of importance to the end of the paper. Even if a professional journal does make note of the importance, is it often in the passive voice. For instance, Watson & Cricks famous statement: "It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material". Popular science articles have much more freedom to express excitement, or even speculate on a discovery.

In creating this kind of narrative of nature there is, as there must be, a loss of the scientific process. Rather than reporting what scientists are doing, their method, the results and possible implications are being published. Changing the narrative in this way results in a number of differences, most notably, the loss of scientific jargon. What scientific terminology offers is a set of precise words, with precise meanings, to be used in precise contexts. Meaning is lost in the translation, but the meaning of the entire discovery may have already been altered significantly with the change in narrative.

In terms of science using the media for economic benefit, I think that it is a must. Science must legitimize itself in order to receive necessary funding. Science has been, I believe, losing its authoritative position over the last few decades. There was a sense in the 19th Century that if the lay folk would just leave science to the professional, that they would be taken care of. There is a lot of historical reasons that the public has lost faith, if you'll forgive the term, in science, but some major reasons were pesticide use/abuse and several occupational medical scandals (think Radium Girls).

Science utilizing the media is, I think, a good thing because it means that the public perception of a scientists work/group is important. If the public perception is important it is because, in some way, the lay public is having a say in the science that being conducted and used in their world. As Carl Sagan always stressed, the public, despite perceptions of them as "poorly educated", has a right to know.

That said, the public doesn't see a lot of the conflicts within scientific communities. Science has been, and largely still is, presented as a continuous, linear, progression toward an ultimate truth. The case is really less neat, and scientists do argue within their community, and they too must convince each other of their claims to truth. I'd argue that the entire journal process in science is just as rhetorical as presenting science to the public, only in different ways.

Sorry if some of this is a bit naive, I've only just started reading about the subject/thinking about it critically.
 
  
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