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I’ve recently finished reading two books: Schizophrenia: The Meanings of Madness and Strong Imagination: Madness, Creativity and Human Nature . The first is definitely showing its age, but I still thought it was useful as an introductory text, and it’s peppered with observations and quotations on the traditional links between certain forms of mental illness and creativity, particularly Romantic creativity. The second, by Daniel Nettle, is more explicitly about exploring the connections between the creative temperament (if there is such a thing) and the personality types that are susceptible to psychosis as well as the mental disorders that can be termed psychoses themselves.
Anyway. I’m fascinated by the links between specifically artistic creativity and mental structures on their own, but (as a non-practitioner), I was also interested by what I saw as the repeated similarities between the experiences of those individuals with long-term disordered mental states and my own understanding of some of the foundations for current magical thinking. I think on my own I would quickly come to the limits of my knowledge on both these phenomena, but I am interested in the inter-relationship between madness*, and in particular certain clusters of symptoms grouped under the banner of schizophrenia (which I realise is not usually thought of as a discreet illness), and both the concepts and practice of magic. [There are also probably interesting historical / anthropological / religious routes this topic could lead down (but probably elsewhere)].
Specifically, both the above books highlight tendencies in sufferers of psychotic illnesses such as schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and affective psychosis or severe uni/bipolar disorder, towards, variously, perceiving the world in a different or special way, a sense of elation at feelings of interconnectedness or extreme fear of highly unlikely consequences, delusional states of mind, being overcome by one’s sudden appreciation of vast lattices of meaning which just as quickly lose coherence, being overwhelmed by external reality, the loss of personal identity, the increase in a sense of personal responsibility or extreme empathy, incoherent, unstructured thinking with a larger use of associative wordplay, idiosyncratic mannerisms, focus on the self and personal philosophy (introspection), perceiving irrational, non-empirical chains of causation in certain actions (rituals) and a certain social disassociation with a corresponding charging of energy in inanimate objects (fetishisation). Some or all of these seem to me to be, superficially, very strongly reminiscent of various magical practices or attitudes, and I wondered if they could be explored in more detail. In a point I find personally fascinating, Nettle also describes, citing Adolf Wolfli, a tendency in likely schizophrenic individuals towards creating abstract, idiosyncratically symbolic visual art (initial thoughts – sigils?), as well as an increased likelihood of related work in different mediums (as in magical ceremonies) - the artistic implications I might get to elsewhere if I can summon the coherence.
I’m reticent to bring into the topic perhaps the most obvious schizophrenic / magical trait similarity, that of the mental awareness of voices external to one’s own inner voice, but it is on the surface another link. Part of the problem with analysing magical phenomena is that as I understand it they are considered to be more experiential than demonstrable, so the above example is probably one I’m least interested in because it relies on a comparison between a truly psychotic incident and, purportedly, the experience of interaction with beings of a different order of reality, be it religious, mythological or internalised / psychological avatars. Bluntly, I think making a case for magical thinking displaying a psychotic deficiency in logical reasoning between observations and beliefs (as in autochthonous delusions) is, while… plausible, something that would be highly arduous, and certainly not something I feel competent to assess or provide evidence for.
One of the primary shared ideas I am interested in would be the understanding of the world, the universe, as being connected at every level, and the attendant fragility of the self’s boundaries within that; tying into the schizophrenic depersonalisation which has been observed to occur when others are seen as just a bundle of particles. My personal awareness of the metaphorical possibilities such a view allows is probably as far as I would go, and in some ways my view of magic is probably formed through an identification with that: as the concept of the conscious manipulation of those connections, through a variety of different structures towards various goals, whether or not those are ultimately understood as having physical or psychological consequences. Crudely, a mentally disordered person might be seen as sharing that view of reality, and may even believe they are able to affect it, but crucially they might be distinguished by what would be considered impairment to their conscious or structured interaction with that set of connections.
To get more than a bit less technical, there’s a quote from… somewhere… which I’ll attempt to find if it’s not obvious to anyone else… about the difference between a normal or even artistic perception of the world as choosing to look out the window of one’s house, appreciating it’s beauty and diversity, while a schizophrenic lives in a house where the windows have been broken in, and during psychotic episodes they are literally subject to that expansion in perception, and the disordering effects of an overwhelming external world. I don’t know what the appropriate magical metaphor would be, except for perhaps choosing to carefully wander out into that landscape, and affecting it.
However desirable it might be to place certain mental qualities on a continuum, there are, of course, important differences between a scatter-brained day-dreamer and an individual with a pathological deficiency in organisation or mental coherence, just as whatever the continuity between sadness and pathological depression it’s useful in various contexts to have a break point between them. At the same time, the sensitivity to the world described by those suffering from an affective disorder is often seen as somehow positive, or liberating, and fundamentally inseparable from their way of living and perceiving themselves and the world (again, there should be disclaimers that perhaps the majority of those suffering psychotic incidents find them to be anything but liberating). But, there does persist this idea that “being touched with madness” is a way of experiencing the world in a different, and partially positive way, and where, for example, periods of hypomania can lead to enhanced artistic productivity, even at the same time as they blur uncomfortably against pathological mania. I’d also like to track down a work with reference to emotional as opposed, or in addition to, primarily cognitive disorders: Touched with Fire: Manic-Depressive Illness and the Artistic Temperament (K.R. Jamison), which I mention because Nettle will later use the idea of harnessing that imaginative fire (which might be considered an act impossible for the clinically psychotic) as a means of understanding its danger; and because it might be a useful, even familiar symbol, for understanding the manipulation of energy that magic is understood to do.
Nettle’s book in particular uses the “psychoticism” to emphasise the difference between tendencies or vulnerabilities in individuals towards developing psychotic conditions and those living with clinical disorders (where both score highly in tests of their capacity for imaginative thinking), and is also perhaps quite understandably didactic in declaiming the disadvantages of a mental illness to creativity. He underlines the importance of application, structure, intelligence and hard work, and I can only surmise the same is true for magical workings, whatever the source of the original inspiration. Clearly, the similarities that I described above rely upon individual cyclical or schizotypal tendencies, which are prevalent within social groups pre-disposed to psychotic disorders, and possess some similarity to symptoms of those disorders but are not necessarily identical to them. Nevertheless, I’ve seen in the past attitudes which advocated the unconsidered pursuit of chaos and incoherence as a route to greatness, which at best seems foolish and, with particular regards to magic, (hypothetically) actively dangerous. I think this debate over the potentially positive imaginative qualities linked with madness, not entirely resolved, raises a number of questions for the artist, sociologist, psychologist and the magician.
So: could a person who was mentally disordered practice magic? How dangerous would it be? Depending on how you see both, are they complementary (in even some sense) or mutually exclusive? How is madness conceptualised within a magical framework? How can madness be understood through magic as cause, consequence or antithesis? Is there a wider discussion to be had regarding the privilege / normativity of rationality in Western culture; how does the practice of magic incorporate irrationality without leaving its practitioners vulnerable to debilitative psychological disorders? Do certain magical workings explicitly court or highlight madness as a danger? Could one utilise magic in a curative fashion to ease or erase mental disorder? Are there strong views in the magical community about the differentiation between the two states? How are they distinguished?
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Just in case I haven’t been direct enough: I’m not trying to suggest that Temple people are psychotic, I’m genuinely interested in the similarities and would appreciate more knowledgeable heads (on either topic, or both) making a contribution, or providing links to resources / past discussions. For that matter, I’m not suggesting either that there’s a essential them and us attitude with regards to the practitioners (and not) on the board, as there are interesting parallels documented in the books above as this dichotomy being something that with regards to insanity (outwith clinical and legal settings) should probably be seen as unhelpful, and I’d probably agree with the point in the opening post here as well, of disordered mental states being more complicated than a binary division of those who suffer from them and those who don’t, and I think that methodology might be usefully expanded to include the idea of accessing different structures of perception or reality. At the same time, I’ve been rather struggling with whether to stop every other sentence and distinguish between seeing mental illness, creativity and magic as essentially similar conditions - and so sensationalising my own anecdotal understanding - and highlighting the traumatic rupture of identity and lifestyle that marks a clinical case, or just to keep going in the interests of relative brevity and not being seen to be protesting too much. Torturous prose aside, hopefully it will all make sense; though I’m quite happy to be corrected if I’ve made a misstep.
*
I’ve used madness as a general term for an admittedly large continuum of mental states because it seemed like its utility and its presently non-clinical nature would outweigh the disadvantages of it being a somewhat old-fashioned, restrictive word; and lunacy has a whole other set of associations (!). Feel free to discard, modify or expand on my perhaps vague premise, I was just a little uncomfortable bringing up clinical language when it’s really not my area of expertise, and I thought an overly clinical or specific terminology would hamper discussion of how disordered mental states are discussed / theorised in magical circles (presumably, though, not using medical terminology). I’m painfully aware that both titular concepts relate to a variety of states and defined bodies of knowledge that are not necessarily homogeneous, I just don’t have the space or the knowledge to do them justice, so apologies in advance where I am by necessity generalising about mental illness or the magical community as distinct, whole entities. |
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