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Dealing with your own prejudice

 
 
Seth
05:33 / 05.03.06
This subject is of increasing interest to me for a number of reasons, and so I thought I’d put it out there for discussion in the Conversation with the loosest of parameters in the hope that it nets the widest possible range of results, with whatever musings on how you define prejudice you deem appropriate.

In a nutshell: How do you deal with your own prejudice?

Just one question, hopefully many interesting answers.
 
 
All Acting Regiment
05:36 / 05.03.06
Not crossing over the road to avoid them when I see groups of teenage boys in tracksuits. Thinking to myself "Group not Gang" and "Teenage boys not thugs".
 
 
Isadore
06:34 / 05.03.06
Recognize the prejudice(s) which are currently active. Step back. Ask myself, "Is this the most effective form of behavior I could be pursuing? Am I causing harm or acting on untrue assumptions? What the hell am I thinking and why am I thinking it?"

Takes a while to work through, generally.
 
 
elene
07:35 / 05.03.06
I feel shallow and guilty. I think about it a bit. If there seems to be a rational basis I might seek to discuss that if the occasion permits. Doing so’s a big risk, of course. It might make matters worse. And then I hope to do better next time.
 
 
Saturn's nod
11:15 / 05.03.06
I quite like Byron Katie's enquiry method. She calls it The Work. It's enquiry addressed to each thought, thoughts are seen as not something controllable but as the material each of us is required to address. Hence, as I read it her idea is that the Work required of humans is to enquire into the thoughts that come to us, and 'test them against reality' (kindof).

Her four questions:
Is it true?
Can I know absolutely that it is true?
How do I react when I believe that thought?
Who would I be without that thought?

I thought of her stuff because when I think about how I deal with my own prejudice, how do I separate prejudice from any other kind of thought? Well, lots of my thoughts are prejudiced in the sense of not reflecting reality as I know it, and Byron Katie's method is one of the ways I realise that.
 
 
SMS
11:33 / 05.03.06
Usually, when I start to get down on a particular group of people (biblical literalists, socialists, etc), I meet someone of incredible beauty in that category — someone I cannot help but love (not in-love or crush but love). It's quite a nice check on my prejudices.
 
 
*
21:12 / 05.03.06
am, I'd like to follow up on that link, but it goes back here. That sounds like a really interesting approach.

Right now I'm learning to listen. When I get into a situation which seems uncomfortable, I ask why I feel that way. Sometimes I figure out an answer. Often it turns out to be the wrong one, but I'm learning from it. I have to make myself do things which give people the opportunity to call me out for my mistakes, because I'm pretty afraid of making those mistakes.
 
 
Olulabelle
21:41 / 05.03.06
I have been trying to imagine what it's like to be the other person, thinking what they might think about me or the people I'm with. Sometimes it makes me feel uncomfortable.

I look a lot at people, and sometimes it looks like I'm staring because I frown when I look. I don't realise I'm doing it, so I might be thinking nice things about the person but it looks like I'm not. I'm trying not to do that.

I still cross the road when I see big gangs of teenage boys in the street, in particular asian ones because someone I know got attacked by an asian gang in the park near to where I live. So now I have this totally prejudiced behaviour which compells me to cross the road.

This hit home today in an arcade at a cinema complex when about seven asian teenagers came up behind us whilst I was watching my partner, a friend and my son play a car racing game. I felt horribly uncomfortable. I thought they were going to laugh at us, kick us off the game. I felt intimidated. But they said, "Look at that little dude, he's really ace! He's going to be a wicked driver one day." And they payed for his next game and played against him. I felt ashamed and embarrassed and generally awful about that.
 
 
Jub
08:40 / 06.03.06
heh - I know what you mean. Not quite the same but a few days ago I saw some little rude boys in hoodies all running across the road through the traffic jam towards the bus I was in. Eek! I thought - not for myself as I was on the top deck - but some poor soul is going to get a kick in.

Next thing I know these "thugs" are pushing the van they were running towards - giving the bloke a jump start. I felt disappointed with myself for being so easily led, and bouyed up with the goodness of human nature.
 
 
STOATIE LIEKS CHOCOLATE MILK
08:47 / 06.03.06
I'm reminded of the Dylan Moran piece where he's talking about seeing an absolutely stuning woman, and worrying that she'll think he's being sleazy for staring at her, then seeing her black boyfriend and worrying that they'll think he's staring because they're a mixed race couple, then seeing a massive skinhead and worrying that he's gonna start on them- then they all turn out to be friends and as they walk off he hears one of them say "I hope that drunk doesn't start any trouble". (Yeah, I know his delivery's better, but I'm not trying to get a laugh, more use it as a parable).

I think it's very difficult to eradicate our own prejudices, but I do think we have a duty to ourselves and to others, while ATTEMPTING to eradicate them, to be aware of them, to try to ignore them, and to try to understand why we have them and where they come from in order that we realise they are bits of us that aren't working properly, and therefore they shouldn't tell us how to live.
 
 
STOATIE LIEKS CHOCOLATE MILK
08:48 / 06.03.06
(And yes, I'm aware that "bits that aren't working properly" probably isn't the best way of putting it, but I'm loath to start chucking around terminology I don't really understand. Something tells me I won't be stealing Ganesh's practice from him any time soon).
 
 
Mistoffelees
08:53 / 06.03.06
@ Lula and Jub
You could see these incidents in a positive light. You got the chance to be aware of your prejudices and see that the targeted people can be as nice as anyone else. So you can be happy to have had experiences that made you "shockfully" aware of your distorted view concerning these groups.

So, next time, the prejudice rears its ugly head, you can think back to those positive memories, and they can help you overcome the problem.
 
 
illmatic
09:00 / 06.03.06
Just on a safety note, I don't think it's predjudical behaviour to remove yourself from the radar of groups of teenage boys/young males, of whatever ethnicity. I'm aware there's been a bit of a press feeding frenzy following the happy slapping craze, which is perhaps giving us false perceptions of these groups, but y'know, groups of young lads are lariy, loud and sometimes dangerous. An awareness of your own safey can co-exist quite happily with an awareness of which societal predjudices are shaping your perceptions. I wouldn't have a problem with crossing the road if I saw a big group of teenagers coming towards me, the same way I'd leave a pub if it was full of aggressive drunks.
 
 
STOATIE LIEKS CHOCOLATE MILK
09:07 / 06.03.06
I was absolutely terrified the other week, walking home at kicking out time, carrying my puppy, to be accosted by a "gang" (or rather, a group) of youths- a couple of girls, a couple of guys, can't remember the exact ethnic makeup but it was varied, anyway, who started asking if they could play with Sheena, and then one of them got his camera phone out and I thought "oh shit, here we go". He then spent ages trying to get a really nice picture of the dog, of which he was incredibly proud when he finally managed to get her to sit still long enough. Then they all wuffled her ears a bit and bid me a good night.

Illmatic's right, though- I know I have something of a prejudice against teenagers (largely, I think, due to remembering being one myself), but I tend to avoid large groups of people of any age (which, now I come to think of it, is quite weird- in every situation except one where I HAVE actually been attacked or threatened, it's been just the one person). Especially if the pubs are kicking out.
 
 
pointless & uncalled for
14:50 / 06.03.06
An awareness of your own safey can co-exist quite happily with an awareness of which societal predjudices are shaping your perceptions.

I'm glad you said that Illmatic because it makes me feel a lot better, as a cyclist, about condeming all drivers as guilty of selfish, ignorant, greedy, reckless stupidity until proven innocent. I appreciate that it's a harsh condemnation on those who chose to the simple and often reasonable act of getting behind the wheel of a vehicle but it's one that I use to keep myself a alive.

Sometimes I end up feeling bad about it because I'll expect someone to do something wrong and they'll not only not do it but make an extra allowance for me right after I've written them off.

Fortunately, for me at least, I don't hold the condemnation long, except where SUV drivers are concerned, but that's a whole new kind of selfish, ignorant, greedy, reckless stupidity. That's a prejudice that I don't really deal with at all, I just let myself be informed by reported statistics and probablilities.
 
 
Ninjas make great pets
15:08 / 06.03.06
I wasn't sure if I was predjudiced or not about race. We're talking about 9 years ago here. I'd been to London and it was so mixed. I was fascinated. I began to wonder if I (as an irish person) would be predjudiced if my city was as mixed. (it's very mixed now here!).

few years later I was sitting in the sitting room with my housemates talking about Faithless (the group) and Dido. Turns out that I had been confused about the connection between the two.. I was CONVINCED that Dido was Maxi-Jazzs sister (I was fully aware he was black(?) in my head it was singer to singer connection not white to white, just put the difference down to re-marriage). At that point I realised my mum had raised me not to see colour as a divide.

Most my group predujudices since then have been learned by experience not pre-disposition. Which makes me very happy.

I say most as I have not been in a situation to challenge that and you can never know how you'll react until you have.
 
 
Baobab Branches and Plastic
15:22 / 06.03.06
I have to so many prejudices that its a bit of a worry!

The gangs of teenagers are generally harmless but frankly their attitude scares me as does the fact that they fit the profile of some very nasty murders that have occured recently in the locale. But that said book/cover etc.

Some of my badness related to prejudice:
At night I cross the road to avoid gangs...
Avoid talking to posh people in pubs...
Dislike people who are overtly concerned with their own ethnicity... or mine.
Treat blonde people with more interest than brunettes...
Am overly annoyed at the 'rudeness' of foreingers...
Believe the healthiness of brussel sprouts is overemphasised...
Think gay people are necessarily cool...
Think people wearing Palestinian scarves are friendly...
Think Australians are stupid...
Disguise my Tasmanian accent...
Act supercillious toward anyone involved in marketing...
Avoid making eye contact with disabled people...
Don't trust meat from Kebab shops...
Think East Asian people are smart...
Feel more comfortable around people with a degree (I actually really hate this about myself, I blame institutional brainwashing)

the list goes on...

What I do about these things is basically to recognise these despicable traits and approach things with an open mind (and clear idea of where the nearest exit is). The trouble comes when you decide that the best way to confront a prejudice is to educate yourself and your research more or less validates your prejudice. At which point you might argue that your inherent prejudiced natures has led you to only see the bad and mean that you have to be more proactively positive or something.

That said I cringe when I see those people that go up to the black guy/disabled person/lesbian/australian/brussel sprout with the sort of 'you know it's so good that you're here I hope you find this a warm welcoming environment, I feel your brussel sproutness, I think my great grandmother might have been a bit, you know, sprouty'
 
 
Ninjas make great pets
15:42 / 06.03.06
Chief - nicely put. and funny with it.

Some are uncomfortable around gay people because they simply can't understand ..well.. 'gay'. And it's not exactly something they can experience to understand if they are straight. Is it still a predjudice when they have no problem with the people just the concept?

Because you are aware you are happier around people with a degree, or what-have you, does this make you a bad person? who says we have to like everyone?

In some causes predjudice could be a good thing. Say a person reminds you of someone who cheated you - you think twice this time to find you've saved yourself a lot of heart-ache/fincances/distress.

A member of my family was attached on the street by a young couple so it makes me happier about the safety of my family when they cross roads. (I don't. but I'm an idiot. I've yelled at people twice my size for hitting kids. Terrifying afterwards when you realise what could have happened)
 
 
pointless & uncalled for
15:47 / 06.03.06
Just to add another stream to the thread, does anyone find themselves heavily overcompensating?
 
 
Ex
16:31 / 06.03.06
I know I went through a deliberate stage of overcompensating as a mental re-training thing. (This may make me sound stupid, but I'm willing to 'fess up for the Barb.) I knew that when I saw people who use wheelchairs, or have another visible physical disability, then I visually skimmed over them. So I spent a few months thinking - come up with three adjectives about that person in the wheelchair you've just seen. Without staring.
I don't do it deliberately any more, as I think it's had the effect I wanted it to, and some unexpected other effects. It really rubbed in how much I'd mentally homogenised people.

I like the Byron Katie thing mentioned upthread. I do something similar: when I hear someone speaking from a position which seems utterly nonsensical to me, or using a phrase or argument which I instinctively reject, I make myself think of a way in which I'm wrong, and that can be right. Then I ask - why don't I want it to be true? What have I got invested in it? What allows me to think my knowledge of this is better than the speaker's personal experience/expertise?

It's a flawed system, because a lot of the time I'm relying on a kind of imaginative sympathy with another perspective that is very satisfying but can be a bit unchallenging - you can end up just having self-berating conversations with the oppressed pixies in your head without actually taking on board another Real Live person's perspective.
So I think I have to back up that kind of imaginative exploration with finding things out - factual research, and reading stuff (autobiography, non-fiction, fiction) from the perspectives of the people I think I'm prejudiced against. Which may sound heavy going but is invariably interesting and usually fun - I've recently enjoyed Waist-High in the World by Nancy Mairs, which is a collection of op-ed pieces and essays. I've also been lurking on an LJ 'snark' community for people with disabilities, which has given me a selection of vividly phrased tips on what a variety of people with various conditions find sodding annoying.
 
 
*
17:13 / 06.03.06
Just on a safety note, I don't think it's predjudical behaviour to remove yourself from the radar of groups of teenage boys/young males, of whatever ethnicity.

I'm to some degree in sympathy with this, Ill— especially being the sort of person who might be targeted by teenage boys for a bit of a laugh (except that's not what they'd call it around my neighborhood)— but on the other hand, certain teenage boys get it more than others. Some people who feel like they can take care of themselves in the presence of 4-5 white teenage boys of average build suddenly get a weak bladder around 4-5 teenage boys of average build and dark skin. Kids notice shit like this and it does damage them, I think. At least some of them end up thinking "Well, if people are going to think I'm a thug no matter what, why should I cater to this society that will hate me no matter what I do? If I'm going to be taken for a violent criminal anyway, why shouldn't I at least have the pleasure of being a violent criminal first?" And although I don't hold myself responsible for other people's reasoning, it does make me think twice before I cross the street— if it's broad daylight and there are children playing outside and grandmothers sitting on their front steps, am I really unsafe or just feeling threatened because of my prejudice? And if that group of kids notices me crossing the street to avoid them, in combination with all the other times they're going to get that, what will it do to the rest of their lives?

One thing that really drove home the damage that prejudice does to people, as opposed to just being an abstractly Bad Thing, was when a young friend of mine asked "Has anyone ever done this to you?" She took my hand, and then looked uncomfortable and kind of edged away, surreptitiously wiping her hands on her pants. No one's ever done that to me for the color of my skin.

Ex, I'm glad that you've brought people with disabilities into the discussion, because very few people realize their prejudices against people with disabilities— against people with mental health concerns perhaps even more so.
 
 
My Mom Thinks I'm Cool
17:41 / 06.03.06
I've been ridiculed to my face for crossing the street, by said youth - and I wanted to say "hey, fuck off! this is my house right here, I was crossing anyway." Which was true. But I bit my lip and turned red and said nothing. Avoiding confrontation? Overcompensating? Whyever I did it, I bet it was dumb.

As something related which some people might be interested in checking out, I've just recently signed up to participate in "Community Wide Dialogue Circles" as part of a program which aims to discuss racism and "racial healing".

I'm constantly annoyed in my neighborhood by people who drive by any number of other pedestrians and ask *me* for directions, and then after my confused reply ask me what I'm doing walking in such a dangerous neighborhood. I live here, asshole! The strip mall is that way!
 
 
pointless & uncalled for
17:43 / 06.03.06
She took my hand, and then looked uncomfortable and kind of edged away, surreptitiously wiping her hands on her pants. No one's ever done that to me for the color of my skin.

Gah, I do this to people sometimes. It's not the colour of their skin, it's the sweaty hands that make me really uncomfortable. Surely it would be overcompensatingly racist if I didn't do it when the person was non-white.

The very thought of standing, talking to someone while their sweat lingers there all clammy and greasy is making it hard to type. I bet the look on my face would do wonders for race relations. I'll be back on the disability thing after washing my hands.
 
 
Kit-Cat Club
17:43 / 06.03.06
I am horribly prejudiced against cold-callers offering me free minutes etc. I have just (in complete sincerity) asked someone whether she was a real person because she sounded so mechanical (no doubt reading from a script - I thought she might be an automated system). I mean - how awful! The poor thing is probably knackered and under pressure and there am I asking whether she is human or not... way to ruin someone's day. Gah!

More relevant comment to follow.
 
 
Mourne Kransky
18:48 / 06.03.06
I went into a seminar today where the speaker introduced himself with a long list of his posts and interests. The last of these was "Benedictine monk". Up came my mental drawbridge. Christian! Loose the hounds! I had come to learn about complexity theory and psychoanalysis, not Jesus.

But he was excellent. Funny, humble, challenging and taught me lots. Shame on me for my prejudice. But one of the things he spoke about was that between the twelve of us in the room, there were hundreds of thousands of possible interactions, far too many for a mere mortal to compute or process.

So we inevitably do something called heuristic space management, where we use assumptions / prejudice / stereotypes to make snap judgments about the 99% of the information possible to access that we will immediately discard. Human beings can't avoid discriminating but, if they develop some reflectivity and self awareness, they can avoid discriminating unfairly.

I am getting better at the reflectivity bit.
 
 
alas
19:22 / 06.03.06
I've recently enjoyed Waist-High in the World by Nancy Mairs, which is a collection of op-ed pieces and essays.

It's a great book! Should be in the "required reading" thread...

This is a great discussion, by the way. Too much to say, all unfocused. I will read and maybe return.
 
 
Tabitha Tickletooth
20:02 / 06.03.06
I have a definite prejudice on the religion front - to the point where a poster quite reasonably introducing religion into a thread where it is wholly relevant will still make me angry. Straight away I feel almost compelled to attack. This is not restricted to Christians, but that is probably the group which stirs my irrational prejudice most.

Do I think this is right? No. I think it's extraordinary that I am so intolerant of religious views. I have examined why this is, and there is a lot of history there, but that doesn't make it right.

What do I do? To be honest, I just step back, take a deep breath and don't say a word. I tell myself something about everybody having the right to their own opinions and that it is neither fair nor right for me to attack someone simply for introducing their religion into a discussion.

For me, the problem is that I'm not entirely sure I want to abandon my prejudice. I used to overcompensate a lot when meeting disabled people, but after working on disability rights issues, getting the opportunity to meet and work with some amazing people with a range of impairments (and some real wankers), I know that it's just not an issue anymore. Thing is, I *wanted* to get rid of that prejudice. I'm not honestly sure that as much as my religious prejudice is wrong, and I recognise it as such, I really want to let it go.

So different kind of prejudices, I guess.
 
 
quixote
02:24 / 07.03.06
Funny about the Christians. I'm the same way. Now I am, at any rate. Long ago, in some other lifetime, I was quite tolerant. My parents were Christians, although not of the very church-going variety. I quite liked Christians. They ran soup kitchens. They volunteered for scut work in hospitals. Took care of orphans. Did all sorts of stuff.

Then came the Praise The Lord and Pass The Moolah crowd. Wealth is a mark of divine favor, so lard it on. Drown the losers like unwanted kittens. Make everyone stop having sex. And so on. You know the drill. And even I was surprised how few years it took for me to hate them.

By the way, prejudice is the judgment that comes before (pre) the facts. If you judge based on facts, that's not prejudice. Postjudice, perhaps. Of course, figuring out what the facts really are is not easy. It's called the scientific method, and even scientists don't always have time for it.
 
 
*
02:32 / 07.03.06
Having a friend of mine who is gay and trans studying to be a minister has dramatically helped on the "prejudiced against Christians" front. Going to his services and seeing how much being a Christian has meant to him, and being welcomed in his church on my own terms no matter my identity, beliefs, or way of life— that made a huge difference. A lot of times, something has to personally touch you before you see your prejudice as wrong.
 
 
Disco is My Class War
11:11 / 07.03.06
I don't wanna start a dogpile, but could I encourage people not to see this thread as a forum in which people are validated for continuing to behave according to prejudice? It doesn't seem that constructive, in a thread of this kind, for posters to chime in with "Oh, that sounds like rational behaviour to me, you should keep doing that!" Particularly the ongoing conversation about whether it's okay to cross the road in front of gangs of 'Asian', or otherwise, teenagers. Prejudice is hard. Having visceral responses to particular situations, especially in regard to concern for personal safety, is also hard. But there will always be exceptions to the situation you expect to unfold in something like that: that to me seems like a given, not an actual exception to the rule per se. I don't live in London, so I may not know shit about this particular thing. What's bothering me here is very subtle, and I'm not sure I'm capturing it right either, and am happy to be corrected.

This is probably a pretty intellectual way of dealing with my own prejudging of others, but I tend to try to learn my way out of them. I grew up in country Australia, and even amongst my hippie parents' friends, racism specifically targeted towards Koori (indigenous) people was pretty rife. I picked a lot of that up -- although it wasn't just 'prejudice' or judgment, but also fear and shame about my role as a white person in a colonial nation founded on violence. For example, I used to believe in ghosts, and used to have guilty panics about encountering some kind of angry, watchful spirits when I was young. I think this was not only about dealing with white guilt, but wanting the violence of colonialism to stay in the past, where it was safe, rather than looking at the reality of racism in the present. I unlearned that fear by learning about Koori history at uni; but also learning to talk to indigenous folks when the opportunity came up, listening hard to what they had to say, and not assuming that I had to agree with them on everything -- ie, relating as I would to anyone, with politeness and no assumptions. I think I still have a lot to learn, but it feels like an ongoing process.
 
 
illmatic
17:20 / 07.03.06
Mr Disco and Id E, you both make excellent points. I don't think I was clear enough in my post above. Forget sometimes that not everyone can see into my brain and grok exactly what I'm thinking. I wholeheartedly agree with asking yourself this kind of question: if it's broad daylight and there are children playing outside and grandmothers sitting on their front steps, am I really unsafe or just feeling threatened because of my prejudice?

Any sense of one's safey has to be contextual and based on a realistic assessment of threats. This is what I was trying to get at above when I talked about being aware of what's feeding one's sense of being threatened. If you're moving away simply becuase a black guy has entered your radar, then you clearly have some race issues that need urgent examination. However, in hypothetical situations I was thinking of above, I wasn't thinking about race (class, actually - there's been a lot of media hysteria in the UK about "chavs" and a spate of attacks called "happy slapping" - unprovked assaults filmed on mobile phones) and I was assuming we were talking about situations where one is alone, isolated, it's dark etc. Sorry for not making this clear.

I don't think one should feel too bad about avoiding potential dangers in this kind of situation, even if it is a bit paranoid. Violence only needs to happen once for it to have life changing effects. I say this 'cos a common "male" ('scuse gender bias, but I think it makes sense here) behaviour is to walk towards these situations when they arise to prove you're not scared. Similarly to hanging around in a pub after someone has challenged you as you don't want to be seen to be "bottling it" (ie being a coward). Perhaps it isn't true for the enlightened souls on Barbelith, but this attitude is certainly one I was exposed to when I was growing up.

Thinking all this stuff through, and allowing yourself "permission" to walk away/avoid and avoiding confrontation - learning to say "no" to your ego - if you're interested in self-preservation. It's basically unlearning crappy "male" macho attitudes.
 
 
illmatic
17:35 / 07.03.06
I just re-read that and it sounds like I'm "okaying" class prejudice, which I'm not BTW!
 
 
Seth
16:50 / 09.03.06
So we inevitably do something called heuristic space management, where we use assumptions / prejudice / stereotypes to make snap judgments about the 99% of the information possible to access that we will immediately discard. Human beings can't avoid discriminating but, if they develop some reflectivity and self awareness, they can avoid discriminating unfairly.

I’m finding this interesting, as one of the roles I believe prejudice plays is give us a series of ready positions that enable us to reduce a world that can be terrifying and unknown down to a size that we can manage and believe is a known quantity. Seen in that way it’s a defense mechanism to prevent us from being hurt or overwhelmed. Vocalising prejudice can then be seen as a way of demonstrating to people outside ourselves that we are defended against the unknown and therefore an attempt to communicate what we believe to be our strong position (a further defense), and attacks on this position will therefore likely activate further defense mechanisms.

So if this is the case I’m interested in whatever ways we have available of honouring the desire for self-protection while allowing ourselves to be open to new experiences and seeing the world in different ways. My stance in debate is often to try to win the other person rather than merely be the victor, and attempting to speak to a layer in them that is deeper than the defensive position is one way I might attempt to do this.

This is a thread about dealing with prejudice in ourselves, and I’m coming to the realization that the same methods used with other people can also hold true for ourselves. To ask yourself what your prejudice is trying to achieve will often yield fascinating answers, to then spend time imagining and constructing other ways to achieve those things and negotiating terms and conditions, contexts in which certain behaviours and beliefs are appropriate and inappropriate might give oneself a number of better ways of living.

It’s a subject that fascinates me. I’m interested in collecting thoughts and techniques that have this kind of maneuverability, to get to the person behind the defenses and stated beliefs. And while many people might quite reasonably state that it’s not always possible, I find it much more fun to start with the assumption, “What if it is?” and then learn from my mistakes and successes.
 
  
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