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creationism and the US

 
  

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Lurid Archive
12:09 / 13.03.02
I'm not sure if this is the right place for this....

You guys from the US have probably already heard this, but does everyone else find it as disturbing as I do?

From theWashington Times,

quote:
COLUMBUS, Ohio — The Ohio state school board yesterday convened in special session at a large city auditorium to hear arguments for teaching the concept of "intelligent design" along with tenets of Darwinian evolution in school science.

The three-hour hearing before the 17 board members drew a public audience of 1,000. The session was set up so two presenters from each side could persuade policy-makers on what to include in science standards, scheduled for a vote this fall.
"This is a highly unusual session," board member Deborah Owens Fink said after the high-tech presentations, which at times bordered on passionate debate among the four analysts. "We have a very well-informed board," she said. "Everyone wants to do the right thing."
The so-called intelligent design movement, made up of academics and activists, is about a decade old. The movement — which can suggest a Creator — argues that Darwin's detailed claims of how chance forces have created life's diversity are mostly unproven, so a design alternative should be presented to students.
Under two new education reform movements — one to set standards and the other to tie funding and graduation to testing results — many states are reviewing and upgrading their lists of what scientific concepts students must know.
Many states have wrestled over the place of evolution in science, but Ohio is the first to seriously consider adding "design" as a concept and as a science controversy that students must recognize.
"We were caught mostly unawares," said Tom Ball of the newly formed Ohio Citizens for Science, which calls design a new form of creationism. "We knew there was a national strategy out there but hadn't known how much ground was laid."
The group that brought the proposal to the board in January is called Science Excellence for All Ohioans. While it has the traditional constituency of social conservatives, it is backing design as a concept that can be both scientific and nonsectarian.
"To support intelligent design is broader than asking for creationism," said Nancy Bay, a mother who attended the hearings. "Teaching about design does not need be mandated, but it should not be excluded."
Depending on how the Ohio board votes, such an approach could face its first court test on whether teaching such a concept is science or religion, and thus whether it is constitutional. In 1987, the Supreme Court ruled that "balanced treatment" of so-called creation-science was unconstitutional because it had a sectarian aim of teaching a literal view of the book of Genesis, the first book of the Bible.
Wording proposed for the Ohio science standards indicates students should "know that some scientists support the alternative theory of intelligent design."
Yesterday's presentations featured a biologist and science historian with the Discovery Institute, a Seattle think tank, arguing the flaws and false claims of evolution.
"There is a growing controversy over how evidence for evolution is presented, and students should know that," said biologist Jonathan Wells, author of the book "Icons of Evolution."
Brown University biologist Kenneth Miller and Case Western University physicist Lawrence M. Krauss said design concepts undermine science education. "Intelligent design is actually an assault on science," Mr. Krauss said. "There's an agenda here."
Opponents of the design proposal are circulating a mass petition in hopes to persuade the school board not to include intelligent design theory in the standards.
The hearing came two months after the so-called Santorum amendment, saying students should be taught to think critically about evolution, was included in explanatory language in an education bill signed by President Bush.
"We call this 'teaching the controversy,'" said historian Stephen Meyer of the Discovery Institute, arguing that the wording, introduced by Sen. Rick Santorum, Pennsylvania Republican, had the standing of law.
Mr. Meyer said the best alternative in the debate over the Ohio standards was to not mandate mention of intelligent design but to allow teachers to criticize some Darwinian science and cite the design alternative.
 
 
gozer the destructor
12:13 / 13.03.02
whats wrong with opening debate? who says that darwin was right?
 
 
Lurid Archive
12:22 / 13.03.02
I just don't think it is about debate. Its about the imposition of a certain christian inspired view of the world. That is not so unreasonable in theology - though quite narrow - but it is inappropriate in science. True, you could argue that the theory of evolution is imposed in biology. Much in the same way that you could argue that the theory of gravity is imposed in physics.

I'm worried about the implications of extreme religious groups gaining such dominanace in the US.
 
 
sleazenation
12:27 / 13.03.02
debating the relative merits of Darwin's science is one thing, but introducing unprovable religious dogma in the guise of science is quite another.
 
 
Lurid Archive
12:34 / 13.03.02
And to children!
 
 
sleazenation
12:38 / 13.03.02
or to put it another way, the problem as i see it is one of science versus philosophy and religion in its essentially unprovable nature is a philosophy.

So while problems in proving the science behind Darwins theories should be part of science class religion and philosophy are located down the hall.
 
 
Less searchable M0rd4nt
13:04 / 13.03.02
This is rather terrifying. I'm all for opening up debate, but based on what I've read on the matter, the "intelligent design" lobby don't seem to want debate. They seem to want Darwin's ideas chucked out of science classes, and replaced with something they find more palatable based on their own religious beliefs.

From an article here:
quote:...a well-organized effort is under way to introduce the concept of "intelligent design" as an alternative to evolution into the Ohio curriculum. Under the guise of "fairness" and "diversity," this effort merely undermines the teaching of science...

Proponents argue that the notion of "intelligent design" is not raised in biology classes... It is only fair, they say, that this alternative to evolutionary biology be introduced to students.

The seductiveness of this argument is that it avoids the word "creationism" and makes it seem as though by introducing such an alternative to evolution we are making our science curriculum more inclusive. The problem is, however, that the concept of "intelligent design" is not introduced into science classes because it is not a scientific concept. [My italics]


This seems to me to be the important point. This isn't a scientific concept and it should not be presented as one. A school can't just be treated as a free-for-all, otherwise it ceases to be a learning environment for the young and becomes a soapbox for adults.

If this idea belongs anywhere, it belongs in R.E., not biology.
 
 
Trijhaos
13:17 / 13.03.02
I've just skimmed over this topic, so let me get this straight, people want students to get both sides of the whole "people popping up om earth" idea. Both creation by god and evolution, right? So instead of making this big fuss over this why not make a theology class mandatory. There. problem solved. Wonder of Wonders! Could it truly be that easy? Just make an extra class mandatory

Jesus fuck, people need to stop making a big deal out of the fact that god created shit-throwing monkeys and man evolved from them.
 
 
alas
13:27 / 13.03.02
ok, guys, I'm going to come out, here. <deep breath>

I'm from Ohio.

Wow. It feels so good to finally be true to who I really am.

What do I say? Yipes. Now, I would love to believe the seemingly "reasonable" claims of these, whattheycallthemselves, "Science Excellence for All Ohioans" folks. Of course Darwin was a 19th century, Victorian Englishman and his views were absolutely shaped by that world view, and his thesis is and must be open to critique... And I would love to believe that this movement is not, NOT about teaching a peculiar, backwoods reading of Genesis As Science. Really. It's NOT. I'd love to believe it's about a reasonable, academic critique of biological scholarship from a fully informed, careful, sensitive, and open-minded perspective on things. REALLY.

But my sister's a fundamentalist from Iowa, and having had deep and caring discussions with her on this issue, and she is an intelligent person, when the Wall of Darwin-Hate rises in the midst of conversations it's like, well, trying to hold a conversation with a brick. And it is a peculiar thing, this Darwin-hate. It can be so incredibly virulent. So, especially having lived in Kansas which went through a similar but less "slick" kind of attempt to co-opt the science curriculum a few years ago, I'm sympathetic to the science community. As Stephen J. Gould says (in the second essay reprinted on this page): "Evolution is not a peripheral subject but the central organizing principle of all biological science. No one who has not read the Bible or the Bard can be considered educated in Western traditions; so no one ignorant of evolution can understand science."

Because, more than being just about a weird kind of Darwin-hate, this kind of movement is all about an extreme distrust of science and of the scientists themselves to present the field of their lifework as they see it. It deligitimizes their intelligence, and strikes me, primarily, as just one more symptom of the virulent anti-intellectualism of this culture I call home. Alas.

What's insidious to me is that I strongly suspect that some highly-paid consultant has airbrushed Christian Coalition views of the issue, in order to make them more palatable to the still basically scientifically illiterate middle and upper middle classes.
 
 
Lurid Archive
13:32 / 13.03.02
Alas, I've never had a conversation with someone I liked who was a creationist. (OK, I don't like any creationists. The sort of christians I know are less extreme).

But I was wondering if you had any insight into this Darwin-hate that you talk about. I mean, this isn't really a widespread christian view. Even the pope accepts evolution (with some qualifications about the soul, I think).

I'd like to understand this some more.
 
 
The Damned Yankee
13:33 / 13.03.02
I was going to say something to that effect, but alas beat me to it. So I'm just giving alas' post a hearty "thumbs up".

And Lurid, the reason why the "Darwin-hate" is such a factor is because the doctrine of fundamentalist Christianity (those wacky fundamentalists! Give 'em a hand, folks!) states that everything that happened in the Bible (King James Version) is the honest, actual, literal truth. Anything contradicting the Bible is a lie, and thus the work of Satan.

Needless to say, this is not a point of view that lends itself to open-mindedness or scientific curiosity. Since Darwin threw an exceptionally large monkeywrench (no pun intended) into the Biblical worldview, he's become a particular object of hate by the fundies. The Scopes trial in the 20's was a direct result of a state law that actually forbade the teaching of evolution in schools.

And now, with this "intelligent design" theory gaining credence in some creationist circles, apparently the movement hopes to use it as the narrow end of a very large wedge forcing the Christian God into public schools, despite Constitutional protections guaranteeing the separation between Church and State.

[ 13-03-2002: Message edited by: The Damned Yankee ]
 
 
alas
15:57 / 13.03.02
well, check out the--I'm not making this up--
"Handy Dandy Evolution Refuter". The author argues that the purpose for his "Refuter" is:
quote:The Handy Dandy Evolution Refuter provides logic and scientific evidence to show that materialistic evolutionary theories have really not been proved by science to be facts, and that there is actually no scientifically based reason for ignoring or refusing the gracious offer of God to save those who will believe in His Son Jesus Christ. It is our hope that our readers will come to faith or to stronger faith in the Bible and in the God of the Bible Who is Creator, Lord, and Judge of the world.

In doing so, he makes such statements as
quote: Evolution and creation are equally scientific and equally religious. Faith is involved in the acceptance of either view, and scientific data is advanced in support of both.
Although he also states:
quote:creation is not a scientific theory or a scientific fact. It is divinely revealed truth. Christians accept it as fact because of their faith in the Bible as the Word of God. A scientific fact is knowledge that can be gained by means of scientific research. But, for example, the truth revealed in the Bible about the creation of all things from nothing, the creation of Adam from the dust in the image of God, and the forming of Eve by cloning tissue from Adam's side could not be found out by science.
In answer to the question, quote: But could not God have created everything by some evolutionary process? Perhaps He created the universe and then let evolution
do the rest.

He says:
quote: This idea, called theistic evolution, does not agree with what the Bible plainly says about creation, and it is not acceptable to the scientists who have developed the modern theory of evolution, although it does satisfy some professing Christians.
Darwinian evolution in both its original and its modern form proposes evolution only by completely random chemical and physical processes. In this theory no trace of intelligent purpose, plan, design or goal is allowed. Therefore, theistic evolution which assumes divine direction to achieve divinely ordained goals is an entirely different and incompatible theory. As a result, belief in theistic evolution cannot logically be used as an excuse for accepting the modern evolutionary theory held by secular scientists. In addition theistic evolution leaves the believer with a God who really did not do what the Bible says He did, a God who apparently is not able to do what the Bible says He did. It makes man a half-evolved, half-created being who is a remodeled ape, so to speak. It also makes the Lord Jesus Christ into a very specially made-over ape. But the Bible says that He is the Creator of the universe, and the New Testament records His approval of the Genesis record of creation.5 Thus it would appear that those who accept theistic evolution are standing in an intellectual and religious no-man's land where they will be shot at from both sides of the battlefield -- by the materialists as well as by the Bible-believers.

This is a fairly mildly stated form of Darwin-hate, but just read his What students can do to Counterattack Evolution and Change the Schools, for an inkling of where this movement is coming from.

Alas.

Edited to add: Laurence K. Moran, a sane Canadian in the Dept. of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine
University of Toronto
, has a list of more and less "hardcore" sites on the issue. You can giggle if you live outside the US.

[ 13-03-2002: Message edited by: alas ]
 
 
sleazenation
16:43 / 13.03.02
And creationism spreads as
 
 
sleazenation
16:47 / 13.03.02
And creationism spreads as Tony Blair give his blessing to schools right to tech creationism in science class..

Blair sees it as a question of diverity... perhaps because the shool in question has good results in the national league tables...?
 
 
grant
16:49 / 13.03.02
I actually remember reading a fascinating book on problems with evolution... can't remember the title, but it was by a science writer and was utterly devoid of obvious "Darwin hate" or any mention of creation theory. Just pointing out that there's a wide gulf of difference between the scientific theory of evolution and the way evolutionary dogma gets perceived by the masses.

Evolution doesn't really correspond with gravity in that it's a theory, not a law; it's a deduction that fits most of the facts, but we can't actually see the mechanism in motion, even indirectly.
Best example: Darwin's finches.
Darwin said the mechanism of speciation (the division of an organism into separate species) could be seen in the Galapagos Islands, where different islands had different food sources, and the separate species of finches on each island had a different beak shape - one evolved to crack seeds, one evolved to nibble ants in their holes, etc. His observation was that these finches were once the same species, but over time, natural selection pressures formed them into different species.

Well, it's a nice illustration, but it's actually wrong. Researchers not too long ago successfully bred the offspring of two "species" of Galapagos finches. If two individuals can produce arable offspring, they're members of the *same* species; that's the definition of what a species is.

The author (wish I could remember even the name of the book... I know I posted on the Nexus about it...) used that case to show that while Darwin's observation of mechanics (mutation due to natural selection) were right on, his conclusions (this is how we get separate species) are much more hypothetical than the establishment likes to admit.

There are other problems, too - that was just one section of one chapter. Another chapter dealt with the idea of "morphogenetic fields," an explanation forwarded by Rupert Sheldrake linking things like "parallel evolution" (why the same features seem to reoccur in unrelated organisms) and the collective unconscious to information theory.

It's not "creation science" by a long shot, but it sure as heck ain't Darwinian either:
quote:Rupert: There have been some experiments done recently in Britain at the Open University which have revealed some very interesting and puzzling effects with fruit flies. I think they provide very good evidence for this hypothesis, although they weren't done to test it. In these fruit fly experiments, they were looking at the effects of ether. If the eggs were exposed to ether three hours after they're laid, then some of the flies developed abnormally, with 4 wings instead of 2. And as they went on exposing subsequent generations of flies to ether, the abnormal proportion increased more and more. Then if they took flies from the basic stock which had never been exposed to ether, neither they nor their ancestors, and exposed them to ether, they got a much bigger response of deformed flies than they did at the start of the whole series of experiments. In other words, the treatment of the other flies with ether seem to be leading to a bigger response in subsequent (but non- descendant) flies treated in the same way.
 
 
Hieronymus
17:48 / 13.03.02
The problem with creationists and intelligent design proponents isn't that they aren't adept at utilising the language of science. The problem is that their theories are put forth without ever following its methodologies with anything approaching honesty.

And you're right, Yankee. The reason why evolution is such an inherent threat to fundamentalist Christianity is because it is a threat to the very heart of their belief system. If the Bible is NOT the literal truth, a historical document, then Christ's sacrifice as a transactional salvation for the fall of Adam and Eve is rendered utterly moot. It unravels from Genesis on. So they see it a viable wrecking ball to their spiritual life and yes, feel they must respond by striking at school textbooks, by fighting back with creationism museums, et al. I personally find intelligent design to be as plausible a theory as Darwin's, in a vague and deistic sort of way. It's the agenda that I have nightmares about. And Christ, why does there alwayshave to be a damn agenda. Once they open the door to the existence of an intelligent designer, they will naturally fill in the blank with their doctrine, to the exclusion of all others.

I've always found it funny that fundamentalists are the biggest advocates of religion and theology being given a stronger prescence in public schools but only their particular brand of theology. Prayer in school, sure. But Buddhist and Pagan religious exercises? God will strike us down! Religious freedom my arse. Hypocrites.
 
 
alas
18:27 / 13.03.02
grant--well, yeah, Darwin was writing in the mid-19th c. But still and all, it's not that real scientists are in a "Give me Darwin or Give Me Death" mode, as the creationists claim. Real scientists are mostly plugging along, exploring and refuting evolutionary theory's basic constructs all the time. Stephen J. Gould, who I quoted above, is not a Darwinian, but still believes it's still central to understanding and negotiating developments not just in biological discourse but geology, chemistry, physics--it's all interrelated.

The problem is that the creationists first try to establish a kind of relativism--yes, strangely, on this topic, they begin from a basis of relativism which on, say, homosexuality or non-Western cultural practices they would say is anathema--on the subject of "science": 6 days of creation as described in the bible is just as scientific as anything coming out of legitimate research institutions. And then they (not the actual scientists they claim to be "refuting") make it an either/or proposition: there are only two major ideas about the changes that are (not) occurring in the world: evolution OR creation. If there's even one place where evolutionary theory _as Darwin explained it_ is found to be false or not sufficiently grounded, the whole theory is patently false and the only other option is "intelligent design." Therefore, 6-day creation must be taught in science classes.

So, yeah, another thread on current scientific explorations of the origins and evolution of the universe as life as we know it would be grand. But I really don't believe that there's a vast "Darwin conspiracy" amongst the scientific community. Of course, in any field people can get so saturated with their favorite theory that they cling to it long after it has been superceded by explanations that are more nuanced and/or do a better job of dealing with all the data. But certainly what these nuts are doing to science is not designed to forward the work of science but to decimate it and the intellectual foundations of all scientific thought.

And even gravity probably wouldn't be called a "law" if scientists could rename it today--what with all the strange things that are at work at the subatomic level.
 
 
Murray Hamhandler
19:55 / 13.03.02
There exist reasons as to why my children, when and if I have them, will not attend public school. Or any kind of religiously-affiliated school, it should go w/o saying.
Arthur Sudnam, II
 
 
the Fool
20:28 / 13.03.02
quote:Originally posted by alas:
If there's even one place where evolutionary theory _as Darwin explained it_ is found to be false or not sufficiently grounded, the whole theory is patently false and the only other option is "intelligent design." Therefore, 6-day creation must be taught in science classes.


It's funny, reverse this refutation method and you destroy christianity with a single missing link.

Q. When Jesus told a parable, was it actually a true story or did he just make it up?

If it was true, why is it called a parable?

ie. JC told a story to illustrate a particular truth, but the story was made up : not literal truth = invalidated fundamentalist position.
 
 
Lurid Archive
22:32 / 13.03.02
Thanks for the link, sleazenation. I would have liked to see that question time. I wonder what Blair the wonder poodle really thinks.

What about his trainer, Bush? How pro creationist is Bush?
 
 
The Monkey
22:36 / 13.03.02
The non-Christian shit-throwing monkey wishes to point out that it's also rather unfair to set up a Christian "creationism" as the dichotomous [valid] opposite of Darwin's Theory of Evolution and Adaptation over time, thus glossing over every non-Christian religious interpretation of the creation of the universe/world.
 
 
Thjatsi
01:19 / 14.03.02
quote:Evolution doesn't really correspond with gravity in that it's a theory, not a law; it's a deduction that fits most of the facts, but we can't actually see the mechanism in motion, even indirectly.

Actually, we can see the mechanisms of mutation and reproduction rather well. However, what I think you're getting at is that we can't see the process of macroevolution (microevolution is another matter) due to the fact that it takes such a long time. However, I don't consider this to be a major issue, since we can see the evidence of evolution by using several different independent methods.

quote:Well, it's a nice illustration, but it's actually wrong. Researchers not too long ago successfully bred the offspring of two "species" of Galapagos finches. If two individuals can produce arable offspring, they're members of the *same* species; that's the definition of what a species is.

Actually, there are many different definitions of what a species is. The biological species concept focuses on whether or not one organism can produce viable offspring with another, while the morphological species concept is based on measurable characteristics. I'm fairly certain, though I've only read a small part of "Origin of the Species", that Darwin was using the Morphological species concept in this case, since it was the one originaly developed for use with Taxonomy. So, there really isn't a major problem at all here, its just that two different people are using two different definitions of what a species is. However, even if Darwin was proposing differentiation based on the Biological species concept, it would only be one small error out of the mountain of evidence he put together in his book.

I think the morphogenetic fields hypothesis is pretty interesting, but I'm going to need a lot more evidence before I accept it.

[ 14-03-2002: Message edited by: Thiazi ]
 
 
The Damned Yankee
03:58 / 14.03.02
quote:Originally posted by Lurid Archive:
Thanks for the link, sleazenation. I would have liked to see that question time. I wonder what Blair the wonder poodle really thinks.

What about his trainer, Bush? How pro creationist is Bush?


President Dipshit has stated that he feels that evolution and creationism should be taught side-by-side, as equally valid theories. I wish that I had a link to back that up on hand, but I know it for a fact. I read it in an article about Bush stumping for his bullshit education plan.

As long as we're swapping links around here's the entry on Intelligent Design from the Skeptic's Dictionary. Pretty comprehensive, I think.
 
 
alas
11:47 / 14.03.02
Thank god--or the intelligent designer from outer space--for the Skeptic's Dictionary.

Hey
quote:It's funny, reverse this refutation method and you destroy christianity with a single missing link.

That's just the oddity of it all. I tried to discuss this with my sis, in a long letter once. I mean, does the story of the prodigal son become "untrue" if we can't figure out the address of the farm they lived on? It's just at some level bizarre to me that these folks can't seem to see that they are putting Christianity to a scientific test. Which, in essence, actually means that they're always at risk of accepting scientific understanding and methodology as the ultimate arbiter of God's existence, above faith, ... There's a kind of idol-worshipping going on in these christians, it seems to me. They worship the king james version of the bible and a psuedoscientistic method, not God.

Ah well. Whatever.

[ 14-03-2002: Message edited by: alas ]
 
 
Lurid Archive
11:57 / 14.03.02
Ironically, I don't think that there is any competition to religion from science. The Ultimate question of "where does it all come from", cannot have a rational, scientific answer. Science can push back our understanding of that that sort of question actually entails - so it becomes about the universe, say, instead of life on this planet - but it cannot answer it.

I think that the reason some christians have trouble with this, is that it does provide some evidence of the fallibility of religion, at least in their eyes. For someone who likes to make absolute pronouncements based on a holy text, it is rather undermining if that text is flawed in some aspect.
 
 
grant
14:30 / 14.03.02
quote:Originally posted by Thiazi:
I'm fairly certain, though I've only read a small part of "Origin of the Species", that Darwin was using the Morphological species concept in this case, since it was the one originaly developed for use with Taxonomy.


I have a feeling both were at play, since the Origin of Species is about, well, why there are horses and snakes and monkeys and things that are so very, very different - and why snakes give birth to snakes, while horses give birth to horses.

quote:However, even if Darwin was proposing differentiation based on the Biological species concept, it would only be one small error out of the mountain of evidence he put together in his book.

Well, the problem is that it doesn't hold up the idea of similar animals becoming *fundamentally* different over time. There's no evidence that one species has ever become another species, short of morphology in the fossil record - which is a bit of a leap.

quote:
I think the morphogenetic fields hypothesis is pretty interesting, but I'm going to need a lot more evidence before I accept it.


It's just one of several divergent theories that are popping their head up now and again.
Unfortunately, scientists tend to tar them all with the creationist brush, which is a shame.

(Actually, the book I'm trying to remember made a bit of hay with Wallace whatsished, whose observations and theories Darwin capitalized on (while Darwin went home to write, Wallace was still tramping through Sumatran jungles, looking at moths). He was into the idea of an invisible hand guiding the forces of mutation & speciation, if I recall right. It wasn't creationism, but it wasn't Darwinism either - and definitely wouldn't adapt itself to "social darwinist" ideas of survival of the fittest.....
>>>>

On Stephen J. Gould getting heaps of flack for upsetting the Darwinian applecart, this has details of the "Darwin Wars", especially Gould's part in it.
There are more links about Gould on this site - follow the "Commentary" link on the side, and you get things like:
quote:"Darwin's principle of natural selection leads to the prediction that the proper way to analyze any evolutionary trend or evolutionary development is to see the new features as adaptive to environments. And that's a perfectly good principle. The problem is that there are many evolutionary biologists who view everything that happens in evolution­every feature, every behavior­ as directly evolved for adaptive benefit. And that just doesn't work."

and

"The outstanding [misunderstanding of evolutionary theory] is clearly the equation of evolution with progress. People believe that evolution is a process that moves creatures toward greater complexity through time. This makes our very late appearance in the history of the Earth a sensible outcome. The word evolution means progress, but for Darwin, evolution is adaptation to changing local environments, which are randomly moving through time. There is no principle of general advance in that."

>>>>

Unrelated to what I'm going on about, but directly related to this thread, this book looks pretty vital.

amazon review :
quote:Philosopher of science Robert T. Pennock has explored all sides of the ongoing debate, which remains (despite the protestations of many creationists) more about biblical inerrancy than scientific evidence. His book Tower of Babel examines the new directions antievolutionists have taken lately, but goes beyond a mere recounting of recent history by proposing a new avenue of counterattack: linguistics.

The parallels are striking once we look closely: Genesis proclaims that God created all human languages at one stroke, while modern scientific thought proposes linguistic evolution similar in form to genetics. Best of all for scientists, though, linguistic change is much more rapid than biological change, and we have actually observed what might be called "speciation events" to have occurred historically in languages.


scientific american review:
quote:." In Tower of Babel: The Evidence against the New Creationism, philosopher Robert T. Pennock neatly exposes the creationist roots of intelligent-design theory; from the beginning he refers to "intelligent-design creationism" and shows us how it has descended with modification from its creation science predecessor. Intelligent-design creationists are primarily conservative Christians greatly concerned over the increasing secularization of U.S. society. They wish to promote Christian theism over philosophical materialism, the view that there are no supernatural forces in the universe, only matter, energy and their interactions. Because science rules out supernatural explanations, intelligent-design creationists believe that it promotes philosophical materialism and thus devalues faith. They accuse scientists of clinging to their naturalistic explanations because of preexisting materialist prejudice rather than the power of empirical evidence. Because evolution deals with theologically sensitive issues, such as humanity's place in the universe, it becomes the special target of intelligent-design creationists. Movement leader Phillip E. Johnson, a professor of criminal law at the University of California at Berkeley, argues that by showing the weaknesses in evolution, they will drive a wedge into the ideology of materialism, and theism will emerge triumphant. One of the goals is to replace modern science with a "theistic science" in which supernatural explanations will be allowed.
....as Pennock wryly notes, science is no more atheistic than plumbing. "To say nothing of God is not to say that God is nothing."


[ 14-03-2002: Message edited by: grant ]
 
 
Kit-Cat Club
14:33 / 14.03.02
Alfred Russell Wallace. He was (as you say) much more into the human evolution side of things. IIRC from about a term studying Victorian 'frame of mind' type stuff...

And social darwinism is an idea which came from Herbert Spencer - *not* a scientist at all... which explains why early evolutionary theory doesn't really support it... it was he who coined the phrase 'survival of the fittest'.

[ 14-03-2002: Message edited by: Kit-Cat Club ]
 
 
alas
18:04 / 17.03.02
FYI, A new book by Stephen Jay Gould entitled The Structure of Evolution reviewed in today's NYTimes Book Review by one Mark Ridley ('a lecturer in zoology at the University of Oxford. His books include "Evolution" and "The Cooperative Gene."') He calls Stephen Jay Gould the "best-known champion" of the view that fossil evidence may "damage some of the deep foundations of Darwinism." Ridley writes
that "Gould's trust in the fossil record has been unambiguously good for science." But he writes, "I am among those who think that his
attempts to revise Darwinism are flawed."

Ridley describes "the theory of punctuated equilibrium," that "new species often appear suddenly and then persist with little change
until they go extinct," as the "centerpiece of Gould's system." About that, "he may be right." But Ridley says that the "real controversy begins at the next stage, when we come to the wider implications of the theory." Ridley concludes,
quote: However,if the book contains too many words and some questionable philosophy, and
does not take Gould's critics seriously enough, it is still a magnificent summary of a quarter-century of influential thinking and a major publishing event in evolutionary biology.


For whatever that's worth.

[ 17-03-2002: Message edited by: alas ]
 
 
Thjatsi
01:02 / 18.03.02
quote:I have a feeling both were at play...

This seems like a reasonable assumption.

quote:There's no evidence that one species has ever become another species, short of morphology in the fossil record - which is a bit of a leap.

First, what makes you consider the fossil record to be such a giant leap? Second, I have to disagree with your assertion that this is the only evidence that one species has ever become another species. In addition to this one method, we have DNA testing, comparitive anatomy, biogeography, embryology, and comparisons between molecular structures.

quote:Unfortunately, scientists tend to tar them all with the creationist brush, which is a shame.

Personally, I haven't encountered this. For example, Lamarckism is considered to be very wrong, but not creationist in origin.

quote:...whose observations and theories Darwin capitalized on (while Darwin went home to write, Wallace was still tramping through Sumatran jungles, looking at moths). He was into the idea of an invisible hand guiding the forces of mutation & speciation, if I recall right. It wasn't creationism, but it wasn't Darwinism either - and definitely wouldn't adapt itself to "social darwinist" ideas of survival of the fittest...

This account differs significantly with the one found in page 88 of this book:

He [Darwin] allowed the idea to develop in his own mind until it was presented in 1844 in a still-unpublished essay. Finally, in 1856 he began to assemble his voluminous data into a work on the origin of species. He expected to write four volumes, a very big book, "as perfect as I can make it." However, his plans were to take an unexpected turn.

In 1858, he received a manuscript from Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913), an English naturalist in Malaya with whom he was corresponding. Darwin was stunned to find that in a few pages, Wallace summarized the main points of the natural selection theory on which Darwin had been working for two decades. Rather than withhold his own work in favor of Wallace as he was inclined to do, Darwin was persuaded by two close friends, the geologist Lyell and the botanist Hooker, to publish his views in a brief statement that would appear together with Wallace's paper in the Journal of the Linnean Society. Portions of both papers were read before an unimpressed audience on July 1, 1858.

For the next year, Darwin worked urgently to prepare an "abstract" of the planned four-volume work. This was published in November 1859, with the title On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life.


So, Wallace and Darwin basically had the exact same idea. It's just that Darwin spent a lot more time developing the idea and writing a book about it, so he is usually given a greater share of credit for the theory.

As far as Gould is concerned, his theory of punctuated equilibrium is not an arguement about whether or not evolution occurs, but rather about how it occurs. This doesn't exactly quality as dissent in the ranks of Biology.

quote:And social darwinism is an idea which came from Herbert Spencer - *not* a scientist at all... which explains why early evolutionary theory doesn't really support it... it was he who coined the phrase 'survival of the fittest'.

Actually, Darwin was strongly influenced by the work of Malthus. So, in a sense, social darwinism proceded the theory of evolution by a few years.
 
 
The Damned Yankee
01:02 / 18.03.02
And that's just the thing: While scientists may argue over how and why evolution may have happened, nobody actually within the scientific community is saying that it never happened at all.

And yet people seem to fail to realize that creationists (ID proponents and otherwise) are not arguing on the basis of sound science, but rather from a position of ignorance.
 
 
Lurid Archive
14:03 / 18.03.02
This is from a speech delivered by the science head (i think) of the school in Gateshead in the UK that has been promoting creationism. The full text is [URL= http://www.christian.org.uk/html-publications/education3.htm]here[/URL].

quote:Until or unless the Science/Faith problem is properly tackled at a higher level (i.e. Government & University), the likelihood is that present curriculum constraints will substantially apply for the foreseeable future. Teachers must therefore do all that they can to ensure that pupils, parents and fellow colleagues are reminded frequently that all is not what it seems when popular so-called scientific dogma presents itself before them.

If you read the speech, he strongly opposes atheism - fair enough - and wants to replace it with an assumed christian bent in education. My alarm bells are already ringing, but he actually wants the (christian) bible taken as literal truth. I'm scared of people like this. They are not content to hold their beliefs in private. They want to ensure that their particular myths are presented as truth to students and promoted by government.

Perhaps this is only as much as I want for rationality, but I hold that this sort of thinking cannot be consistent with an intellectually free society. Its easy to dismiss creationists as crazy and I hope that all they are doing is making me feel unreasonably paranoid.
 
 
grant
20:13 / 18.03.02
quote:Originally posted by Thiazi:
quote:
----------------------------------
There's no evidence that one species has ever become another species, short of morphology in the fossil record - which is a bit of a leap.
----------------------------------


First, what makes you consider the fossil record to be such a giant leap?


The fact that fossilized bones can't have offspring, and don't have any DNA - and that Yorkshire Terriers and Irish Wolfhounds are both the same species (with very different bones), while gerbils and hamsters are not (with rather similar bones).

quote:Originally posted by Thiazi:
quote:
Second, I have to disagree with your assertion that this is the only evidence that one species has ever become another species. In addition to this one method, we have DNA testing, comparitive anatomy, biogeography, embryology, and comparisons between molecular structures.


I thought comparitive anatomy *was* morphology. Even on the molecular level, current study is basically showing this species looks like that species. Biogeography might explain why someone from Namibia looks different from someone from Nepal (although not so different from someone in Australia), but it won't explain why they can all breed and have offspring while a lemur, a possum and a snow monkey can't.
There may be things going on at the DNA/molecular level that totally undermine the Darwinian status quo, but we won't know about it because no one's really doing that research - no one dares ask those questions. Except creationists. (In this area, the only science is biased science.)

quote:Originally posted by Thiazi:
quote:
quote:
------------------------
Unfortunately, scientists tend to tar them all with the creationist brush, which is a shame.
------------------------


Personally, I haven't encountered this. For example, Lamarckism is considered to be very wrong, but not creationist in origin.



It's not really contemporary, though. There are quite a few other challenges from all sorts of quarters.

The only one that springs to mind is a professor at the University of Miami who has posited a radically-accelerated form of natural selection favoring smaller snapper in the Florida Keys (because fishermen take home the big ones and let the little ones go). He attracted quite a bit of mean-spirited flack from fellow scientists for daring to suggest selection works in any way other than on the macro scale. By flack, I don't mean disagreement (which is the backbone of scientific advance) but real public slagging and a refusal to review his results.

There are others who dare question the veracity of various fossil dating techniques, say, but anytime it gets too close to something a creationist said, it sets off these weird hostilities.

quote:Originally posted by Thiazi:
quote:
So, Wallace and Darwin basically had the exact same idea. It's just that Darwin spent a lot more time developing the idea and writing a book about it, so he is usually given a greater share of credit for the theory.


Yeah, that's kind of what I meant.
Darwin spent time writing, Wallace spent time tromping in the jungle.

quote:Originally posted by Thiazi:
quote:
As far as Gould is concerned, his theory of punctuated equilibrium is not an arguement about whether or not evolution occurs, but rather about how it occurs. This doesn't exactly quality as dissent in the ranks of Biology.


Depends on the biologist you're asking, I suppose. And Gould isn't really way out on the fringe here....
 
 
The Monkey
23:29 / 18.03.02
First of all the Gould-versus-neo-Darwinist thing is kind of like one of those rivalries between gong-fu schools in the chop-socky films: there really is no basis for a comparison that can generate a definitive answer of "one is superior." Some unies are of the punctuated equilibrium school, others are of the linear progression, etc., etc. Neither is really "fringe," but each side characterizes the other as such. Occasionally there are big flare-ups, which sadly don't result in battle-royales with wire-work.

Simply put, there isn't enough evidence within the fossil record, or genetic/morphological cladistics, to say yeah or nay to either position. The one point I'd knock Gould on is his occasional obfuscation of this point...he gleefully points out how the stochasticity of the fossil-creation process invalidates assumptions about a gradual-change process, but fails to note that it also buggers his own position. In short, the fossil record tells us fuck all...there's a bone over here, a bone over there, but nothing with sufficient geographic or temporal continuity to make an intelligible claim on the macro level of evolution.

And while the creationists - using a narrow definition of that term - are actually asking questions of the rest of the scientific community...one also has to look at the answers that are implicit in their characterisation of the question. It is not enough to say "there's a gap, therefore the whole theory must be thrown out, and ooh, we just happen to have this nice tidy ideology that solves everything...or else." Science is supposed to be, echoing ideal set up by mouldy, dead white alchemists an eternal process of honing, questioning and requestioning, noting the exceptions and then remaking the formula so that the exceptions flow as part of a greater continuity [one can argue with little effort that the presentation of scientific discovery in "real life" implies finality after each new postulate...a position that has come into being more and more since the major organs of research, the unversity and the laboratory, have become connected to larger social, political, and economic projects of the world] The "argument for intelligent design" as it is de facto deployed, is used to suspend the quantification process that is science...science is about effing the ineffable. Its function is introduce the concept of monotheistic creation, a position, ultimately self-recognized as grounded in faith, into the public school system.

Finally, as someone not even raised in a Christian context, it gives me the heeby-jeebies that in the US educational system there exists only the dichotomy between teaching "Darwin and biological evolution" and "Judeo-Christian argument from design."
My own opposition to the teaching of the latter relates the implicit assumption within the latter of Christian paradigm to the exclusion of all others.

[ 19-03-2002: Message edited by: [monkey - greatest sage of all] ]
 
 
Thjatsi
02:39 / 01.04.02
Hopefully the board is semi-fixed by now, and my reply with go through.

"The fact that fossilized bones can't have offspring, and don't have any DNA - and that Yorkshire Terriers and Irish Wolfhounds are both the same species (with very different bones), while gerbils and hamsters are not (with rather similar bones)."

First, both types of dogs are different species depending on the definition you use. Second, you're confusing artificial selection with natural selection here.

"I thought comparitive anatomy *was* morphology."

It is. But you said morphology of the fossil record. You can also compare existing species which have decended from a common ancestor.

"Even on the molecular level, current study is basically showing this species looks like that species."

I'm not quite sure what you're getting at here.

"Biogeography might explain why someone from Namibia looks different from someone from Nepal (although not so different from someone in Australia), but it won't explain why they can all breed and have offspring while a lemur, a possum and a snow monkey can't."

Exactly, each leg of evolution (biogeography, the fossil record, ect.) cannot explain most of the data. However, all of the legs together usually do an excellent job.

"There may be things going on at the DNA/molecular level that totally undermine the Darwinian status quo, but we won't know about it because no one's really doing that research - no one dares ask those questions. Except creationists. (In this area, the only science is biased science.)"

This is quite an accusation. If you are saying that scientists are interested in maintaining the status quo in general, then how does scientific progress occur at all? If you are saying that scientists are only interested in maintaining this status quo only, then why have they selected it to the exclusion of other concepts?

"It's not really contemporary, though. There are quite a few other challenges from all sorts of quarters."

Lamarckism was used in Soviet genetics schemes several decades ago. However, if you want something more recent than that, I would point to Richard Dawkin's book, "The Blind Watchmaker", where he devotes an entire chapter to disproving non-creationist competitors of evolution. I currently possess this book, and am willing to post portions of it upon request.

"The only one that springs to mind is a professor at the University of Miami who has posited a radically-accelerated form of natural selection favoring smaller snapper in the Florida Keys (because fishermen take home the big ones and let the little ones go). He attracted quite a bit of mean-spirited flack from fellow scientists for daring to suggest selection works in any way other than on the macro scale. By flack, I don't mean disagreement (which is the backbone of scientific advance) but real public slagging and a refusal to review his results. There are others who dare question the veracity of various fossil dating techniques, say, but anytime it gets too close to something a creationist said, it sets off these weird hostilities."

I'd like a citation of both of these, if you get a chance. As far as microevolution goes, there's already a lot of evidence for it, so I'm a bit confused as to why it is being contested.

"Yeah, that's kind of what I meant.
Darwin spent time writing, Wallace spent time tromping in the jungle."

Actually, I was objecting to this statement:

"He was into the idea of an invisible hand guiding the forces of mutation & speciation, if I recall right. It wasn't creationism, but it wasn't Darwinism either - and definitely wouldn't adapt itself to "social darwinist" ideas of survival of the fittest..."

If Wallace had an entirely different idea, then why did he co-present with Darwin on this issue?

"Depends on the biologist you're asking, I suppose. And Gould isn't really way out on the fringe here...."

Of course Gould isn't on the fringe, but he's not arguing against evolution either.
 
 
grant
19:52 / 01.04.02
"The fact that fossilized bones can't have offspring, and don't have any DNA - and that Yorkshire Terriers and Irish Wolfhounds are both the same species (with very different bones), while gerbils and hamsters are not (with rather similar bones)."

First, both types of dogs are different species depending on the definition you use. Second, you're confusing artificial selection with natural selection here.


No, I'm trying to make a point that morphology does not equal speciation. If the definition of "species" can be used to refer to Yorkies and Great Danes as different species, then, basically, morphology = species, and you've got a much stronger support for straight-up Darwinism. Since, after all, his finches *do* look different, even if they can breed with each other.

It's the differences in DNA that aren't quite as easy to pin down.

"I thought comparitive anatomy *was* morphology."

It is. But you said morphology of the fossil record. You can also compare existing species which have decended from a common ancestor.

"Even on the molecular level, current study is basically showing this species looks like that species."

I'm not quite sure what you're getting at here.


That it's all about this looking like that thing, which may or may not have to do with exclusivity of reproduction (again, if you're definining "species" as something that just looks different from something else, rather than the capability of producing arable offspring, this is a moot point).
That a "common ancestor" may or may not simply be a relative of one species that *looks like* another species. "Common ancestry" is a bit tricky to pin down... like this hominid skull from Ethiopia shows. The scientific community can go back and forth on these things for a while.

There may be things going on at the DNA/molecular level that totally undermine the Darwinian status quo, but we won't know about it because no one's really doing that research - no one dares ask those questions. Except creationists. (In this area, the only science is biased science.)"

This is quite an accusation. If you are saying that scientists are interested in maintaining the status quo in general, then how does scientific progress occur at all? If you are saying that scientists are only interested in maintaining this status quo only, then why have they selected it to the exclusion of other concepts?


I'm saying there are certain questions you can't ask because you'll get branded a "creation scientist."
It's self-interest based on fear. Which is the real shame of the ongoing evolution vs. creation battle.

(I should mention, after a brief glance I'm impressed with what I see here, although I haven't read it in depth.

I'm looking for citations of the shrinking snapper thing, but the only reference I can currently find is on nexis (I can't link to it) and has the only contentious quote as: But Dr. John Gold, a professor of genetics at Texas A&M University, said it was almost impossible to demonstrate empirically that excessive fishing caused genetic changes like a diminution in size. While the simplicity and logic of the theory makes it compelling, he noted that the supposed changes involved several genes whose individual effect was small, cumulative and independent.

"Bohnsack's head and heart are in the right place," said Gold, whose specialty is molecular genetics. "But the idea, although a good one, is very difficult to test."

...which isn't exactly what I remember. I'm not even sure if it was James Bohnsack or a colleague of his named Jerald Ault I remember. They're both very active in fishery protection, so there's a lot of not-quite-related material out there.



Actually, I was objecting to this statement:

"He was into the idea of an invisible hand guiding the forces of mutation & speciation, if I recall right. It wasn't creationism, but it wasn't Darwinism either - and definitely wouldn't adapt itself to "social darwinist" ideas of survival of the fittest..."

If Wallace had an entirely different idea, then why did he co-present with Darwin on this issue?


Darwin and Wallace agreed on the mechanics, but Wallace had an abiding interest in the human soul.

From this 1903 interview:
"Darwin believed that the mental, moral, and spiritual nature of man were alike developed from the lower animals, automatically, by the same processes that evolved his physical structure. I maintain, on the other hand, that there are indications of man having received something that he could not have derived from the lower animals."

"Have you any theory as to how he got that 'something'?"

"I do not think it is possible to form any idea beyond this, that when man's body was prepared to receive it, there occurred an inbreathing of spirit--call it what you will. I believe this influx took place at three stages in evolution--the change (1) from the inorganic to the organic, (2) from the plant to the animal, (3) from the animal to the soul of man. Evolution seems to me to fail to account for these tremendous transitions."


It's worth mentioning that neither of them were explicitly atheist; they just contradicted Biblical ideas about the length of time life had existed on Earth.

I remember a bit more about this in that book I've been hunting for, the one I reviewed for the paper in 1998.
I think this is it, but since there's no cover, I can't be sure. The book's out of print - and if it is the one I'm recalling, then that's a shame.
 
  

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